Naval

To support them, therefore, immense activities are prompted both in pubh c private sectors with increasing importance on NDT. The particular application of radiography using Ir-192 isotopes for industrial production, construction maintenance of industries, power plants, oil and gas pipelines plants, railway, aviation systems, naval structures and vessels, etc is currently in the fore front for its reliabih ly, ease of application record keeping advantages. 

Metrological attestation as the procedure that ensures reproducibility and comparability of the results of measurements is specified in GOST 8.010-90 State System of Measurements. Procedures of Measurements Implementation didn t find wide use in NDT. In airspace industry, railway and naval transport the requirements of approval of test procedures is in force more than 20 years. In chemical and oil-chemical sectors the similar requirements were less explicit. In some industries, for example in building GOST 8.010-90 was not put into account. 

Book D L 1987 NRL Piasma Formu/ary (Washington, DC Naval Research Laboratory)... 

Natural sensitizers Natural tannins Natural vs synthetic dyes Nature ofinvention Nausea N.S. Nautilus Naval brass... 

Naval brass (alloy 465) Naval stores Navane... 

J. M. Leary, Characteristics of Various Types of Ablative Materials with Associated Naval Applications, Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., 1983 (a very good reference paper). 

D. Price, J. E. Wehner, and G. E. Robertson, Transition from Slow Burning to Detonation Kole of Confinement, Pressure Eoading and Shock Sensitivity, TR68-138, Naval Surface Weapons Center (NSWC), White Oaks, Md., 1968. 

M. M. Swisdak, Jr., "Maximum TNT Equivalence of Naval Propellants," V2, in 21 st Explosives Safety Symposium, U.S. Dept, of Defense Explosive Safety Board, Alexandria, Va., 1984. 

D. E. Seeger, and R. H. Stresau, "Lead Azide Precipitated with Polyvlayl Alcohol," ia 2nd ONR Symposium on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Washiagton, D.C., 1955, p. 92. 

J. E. Ablard, Composition B A Vey Useful Explosive, NAVSEA-03-TR-058, Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington, D.C., 1977. 

E. Y. McGann, A Safety, Quality, and Cost Effectiveness Study of Composition, Press Loading Parameters, TR 76-1, Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White... 

C. H. Detding and co-workers. Insensitive Munitions Characteristics ofAirEaunched In-Service Weapons Summay Keport of Fast Cook-offTimes, Reactions and Ha iards of Bombs, Pockets, Aircraft Guns, Air EaunchedMissiles, Mines and Torpedoes, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, Calif., Sept. 1989. 

Navy Bank of Explosives Data (NAVBED), Naval Surface Weapons Center MP83-230, June 1983. 

TR6037, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, Calif., Apr. 1979. 

G. K. Adams, in Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium of Naval Structural Mechanics Mechanics and Chemisty of Solid Propellants, Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, 1967, p. 117. 

K. Adas, A. Method of Computing Web for Gun Propellant Grains from Closed Bomb Burning Rates, memo report 73, Naval Powder Factory, U.S. Navy, Indian Head, Md., 1954. 

R. A. Rheia and M. H. Miles, Bromine and Chlorine Fluorides A Review, Naval Weapons Center technical pubHcation 6811, NWC, China Lake, Calif., 1988. 

History. Methods for the fractionation of plasma were developed as a contribution to the U.S. war effort in the 1940s (2). Following pubHcation of a seminal treatise on the physical chemistry of proteins (3), a research group was estabUshed which was subsequendy commissioned to develop a blood volume expander for the treatment of military casualties. Process methods were developed for the preparation of a stable, physiologically acceptable solution of alburnin [103218-45-7] the principal osmotic protein in blood. Eady preparations, derived from equine and bovine plasma, caused allergic reactions when tested in humans and were replaced by products obtained from human plasma (4). Process studies were stiU being carried out in the pilot-plant laboratory at Harvard in December 1941 when the small supply of experimental product was mshed to Hawaii to treat casualties at the U.S. naval base at Pead Harbor. On January 5, 1942 the decision was made to embark on large-scale manufacture at a number of U.S. pharmaceutical plants (4,5). 

As shown in Table 8, U.S. distribution of oil and natural gas reserves is centered in Alaska, Cahfomia, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and the U.S. outer-continental shelf. Alaska reserves include both the Pmdhoe Bay deposits and the Cook Inlet fields. Cahfomia deposits include those in Santa Barbara, the Wilmington Eield, the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 at Bakersfield, and other offshore oil deposits. The Yates Pield, Austin Chalk formation, and Permian Basin are among the producing sources of petroleum and natural gas in Texas. 

High molai mass polyuiethanes weie obtained from condensation of 4,4 -(hexa luoioisopiopylidene)bis(phenylchloiofomiate) with various diamines (125). These polymers could be cast into transparent, flexible, colodess films or spun into fibers which showed promise as crease-resistant fabrics. Other polyurethanes discovered are good candidates for naval and aerospace apphcations (126). 

A. B. Arons, Lnderwater Explosion Research, Vol. 1, U.S. Office of Naval Research, 1950. 

G. K. Hubler, NRF Memorandum Report S928, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., Mar. 13, 1987. 

Metallurgy. Lithium forms alloys with numerous metals. Early uses of lithium alloys were made in Germany with the production of the lead alloy, BahnmetaH (0.04% Li), which was used for bearings for railroad cars, and the aluminum alloy, Scleron. In the United States, the aluminum alloy X-2020 (4.5% Cu, 1.1% Li, 0.5% Mn, 0.2% Cd, balance Al) was introduced in 1957 for stmctural components of naval aircraft. The lower density and stmctural strength enhancement of aluminum lithium alloys compared to normal aluminum alloys make it attractive for uses in airframes. A distinct lithium—aluminum phase (Al Li) forms in the alloy which bonds tightly to the host aluminum matrix to yield about a 10% increase in the modules of elasticity of the aluminum lithium alloys produced by the main aluminum producers. The density of the alloys is about 10% less than that of other stmctural aluminum alloys. 

Magnesium Alloy, Processesfor Pretreatment and Prevention of Corrosion On, MUitary Specification MIL-M-3171, Dept, of Navy, Naval Air Engineering Center, Philadelphia, Pa., July 11, 1966. 

MIE-STD-1629 (SHIPS), Proceduresfor Performing a Eailure Mode and Effects Mnalysisfor Shipboard Equipment, Department of the Navy, Naval Ship Engineering Center, HyattsviUe, Md., 1974. 

Explosion-welded constmction has equivalent or better properties than the more compHcated riveted systems. Peripheral benefits include weight savings and perfect electrical grounding. In addition to lower initial installation costs, the welded system requires tittle or no maintenance and, therefore minimizes life-cycle costs. Applications of stmctural transition joints include aluminum superstmctures that are welded to decks of naval vessels and commercial ships as illustrated in Figure 11. 

HEU De-Enrichment. Highly enriched uranium (HEU), initially enriched to >93% U, for use in research, naval reactors, and nuclear weapons, may be de-enriched and fabricated into fuel for civihan nuclear reactors. An estimate of the world inventory of highly enriched uranium in the nuclear weapons states is provided in Table 6 (34). 

The amount of HEU that becomes avadable for civdian use through the 1990s and into the twenty-first century depends on the number of warheads removed from nuclear arsenals and the amount of HEU in the weapons complex that is already outside of the warheads, ie, materials stockpdes and spent naval reactor fuels. An illustrative example of the potential amounts of weapons-grade materials released from dismanded nuclear weapons is presented in Table 7 (36). Using the data in Table 7, a reduction in the number of warheads in nuclear arsenals of the United States and Russia to 5000 warheads for each country results in a surplus of 1140 t of HEU. This inventory of HEU is equivalent to 205,200 t of natural uranium metal, or approximately 3.5 times the 1993 annual demand for natural uranium equivalent. 

An improved solvent extraction process, PUREX, utilizes an organic mixture of tributyl phosphate solvent dissolved in a hydrocarbon diluent, typically dodecane. This was used at Savannah River, Georgia, ca 1955 and Hanford, Washington, ca 1956. Waste volumes were reduced by using recoverable nitric acid as the salting agent. A hybrid REDOX/PUREX process was developed in Idaho Falls, Idaho, ca 1956 to reprocess high bum-up, fuUy enriched (97% u) uranium fuel from naval reactors. Other separations processes have been developed. The desirable features are compared in Table 1. 

T. Rockwell, The RickoverEffect How One Man Made a Difference, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Md., 1992. 

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