Naval vessels

Explosion-welded constmction has equivalent or better properties than the more compHcated riveted systems. Peripheral benefits include weight savings and perfect electrical grounding. In addition to lower initial installation costs, the welded system requires tittle or no maintenance and, therefore minimizes life-cycle costs. Applications of stmctural transition joints include aluminum superstmctures that are welded to decks of naval vessels and commercial ships as illustrated in Figure 11. 

Most ships are powered by thermal power plants, including diesel engines, gas turbines, and nuclear systems. Merchant ships usually have diesel engines, while gas turbines or a combination of diesel engines and gas turbines often power naval vessels. Some of the larger ships in the U.S. Navy have nuclear power plants. 

In recent years it has been regarded as somewhat passe to refer to Sir Humphrey Davy in a text on cathodic protection. However, his role in the application of cathodic protection should not be ignored. In 1824 Davy presented a series of papers to the Royal Society in London in which he described how zinc and iron anodes could be used to prevent the corrosion of copper sheathing on the wooden hulls of British naval vessels. His paper shows a considerable intuitive awareness of what are now accepted as the principles of cathodic protection. Several practical tests were made on vessels in harbour and on sea-going ships, including the effect of various current densities on the level of protection of the copper. Davy also considered the use of an impressed current device based on a battery, but did not consider the method to be practicable. 

Many dozens of industrialized countries now employ nuclear reactors for power generation, and some countries produce more electrical power by nuclear reaction than by fossil fuel combustion (France is an example). The United States, however, has the largest installed capacity of nuclear-powered boiler plants (in the year 2000 there are more than 120 nuclear reactor power plants in the United States). Nuclear power is also widely used for marine duty in both commercial and naval vessels. 

A technique which can assist in the scale-up of commercial plants designs is the use of scale models. A scale model is an experimental model which is smaller than the hot commercial bed but which has identical hydrodynamic behavior. Usually the scale model is fluidized with air at ambient conditions and requires particles of a different size and density than those used in the commercial bed. The scale model relies on the theory of similitude, sometimes through use of Buckingham s pi theorem, to design a model which gives identical hydrodynamic behavior to the commercial bed. Such a method is used in the wind tunnel testing of small model aircraft or in the towing tank studies of naval vessels. 

Nitric acid and nitrates are important chemicals. For example, black powder (also known as gunpowder) has been used for centuries, and it is a mixture containing 75% KN03, 15% C, and 10% S. The mixture is made into flakes while wet and then dried. Except for large guns on naval vessels, it has been replaced by nitrocellulose (smokeless) powder that also contains small amounts of certain additives. 

The purpose of work described here is to develop a coating which can be used on naval vessels for touch up purposes while a ship is underway. Radiation curable coatings are of special interest because of the extremely low level of volatile organic compounds emitted during curing. To be useful the coating should be Navy gray and suitable for application to cold surfaces. When used in confined spaces a further limitation is that the application should not produce ozone and for some Naval applications mercury is not... 

Since the early 1900s, the Naval Petroleum Reserves program has controlled oil bearing lands owned by the U.S. government. The program was intended to provide U.S. naval vessels with an assured source of fuel. The Naval Petroleum Reserves operated three major oil fields located in California and Wyoming. 

Since the early 1900s, the government-owned petroleum and oil shale properties were envisioned as a way to provide a reserve supply of crude oil to fuel U.S. naval vessels in times of emergencies. The Reserves were mostly undeveloped until the 1970s, when the country began look-... 

In the marine industry, consortiums have demonstrated the viability of topside commercial ship construction using unsaturated polyester sandwich constructions and innovative joinery techniques. Large composite rudders for naval vessels have been produced and are currently completing life cycle testing. 

For tests other than E-84, there have been some studies on the effects of fiber loading and fiber layup on composite flammability. This has primarily been work done by the U.S. Navy on the flammability of composites used in naval vessel flammability,19-20 or work by Kandola et al.10-21-22 on the effect of fiber type and content on polymer composites studied by cone calorimeter. More work is being conducted in studying the effects of fiber orientation and lay-up not on overall flammability performance, but flammability performance under structural load. This is the most important for aircraft, vehicles, and buildings where the composites are structural members. The concern here is... 

In 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte offered a prize for anyone who could develop a new method for preserving foods on naval vessels. Nicolas Appert won for his foods preserved in glass jars. In 1910, Englishman Peter Durand used the same process to preserve foods in metal cans. This last was not the healthiest way to preserve food, as many people died of lead poisoning. 

None (17) None necessary None necessary Apply copper sulfate solution pull out solids treat burn with picric acid keep burning part under water until medical aid arrives if no CuSOi is available Incomplete combustion by naval vessels 1 yellow band CO smoke... 

The aquatic sampling and surveillance campaign was conducted over four weeks using five naval vessels. Gamma spectrometric surveys were made of the sea bed in order to optimise sampling. Over 300 samples were collected (from lagoon water, ocean water, sediment pore water, sediment, corals and biota). Some 13 000 litres of water and 1 tonne of solid samples were collected, processed, packaged and transported to Monaco for distribution to analytical laboratories. 

Neoprene, or polychloroprene, is a synthetic rubber discovered by the Du Pont Company in 1931. It is an organic polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine in the ratio of 55 5 40. Its relatively high chlorine content was responsible for the early recognized resistance of the polymer to burning. Practical use of this property was not developed until procedures for making foam structures from neoprene latex were developed in the 1940 s. The U.S. Navy adapted the material to make neoprene foam mattresses that reduced the fire hazards in the crews quarters of naval vessels. For many years neoprene has been the only material to meet Navy specifications for this application. 

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