Naval warfare

U.S. DoD, DOE, EPA) Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (U.S. Navy) Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command... 

The use of incendiary mixtures in warfare can be traced back to ancient times, when it provided an effective means of assaulting well-fortified castles. Naval warfare was revolutionized by the use of flaming missiles to attack wooden ships, and much effort was put into improving the heat output, portability, and accuracy of these thermal weapons. 

The effects of underwater explns are of obvious interest in naval warfare since they determine the performance of sea mines, depth charges, torpedoes, etc. Some discussion of the military effectiveness of underwater explns will be found in later sections of this article. Underwater expln phenomena are also important in non-military underwater blasting. Here it often becomes important to minimize damage to nearby underwater structures rather than to destroy them... 

Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center San Diego, CA 92152-5001... 

The subjoined engraving, copied from an Illumination in a Latin manuscript of the thirteenth century, gives a representation of the mode of employing the Greek fire in naval warfare. The craft here represented seems to be in some sense the prototype of the modern bomb-proof, ram, and fire-ship, all in one. But although this drawing is taken from an ancient work, no absolute reliance can be placed on the details of the construction as represented in it, inasmuch as such drawings were made in... 

US Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Employment of Chemical Agents. Washington, DC Headquarters, DA, DN, DAF Mar 1966. Field Manual 3-10. Naval Warfare Information Publication 36-2. Air Force Manual 355-4. Fleet Marine Force Manual 11-3. 

The Development of the Law of Naval Warfare from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century—Some Select Issues... 

Keywords Law of naval warfare Warships Submarines Unmanned maritime systems Submarine communications cables Hospital ships Merchant vessels Methods and means of naval warfare Naval mines Torpedoes Blockade Exclusion zones Naval bombardment Protected persons... 

This chapter will focus on some aspects of the traditional law of naval warfare and pursue the question whether and to what extent the respective traditional rules and principles continue to apply in the twenty-first century. By necessity the approach is selective and is does not provide an answer to every question that may arise with a view to the legality of the conduct of hostilities at sea. 

The traditional law of naval warfare does not provide a definition of lawful military objectives. It was, however, generally agreed that enemy warships and enemy auxiliaries were lawful targets by nature. This has been reaffirmed by the contempo-... 

In view of the overall importance of submarine communications cables, it is doubtful whether their wide exclusion from the categories of protected objects in the law of naval warfare may still be considered as properly reflecting the current legal situation. Unfortunately, States have neglected this issue not only in the context of the law of armed conflict but also in the context of the international law of the sea. Therefore, any allegation of an extended protection cannot be based on State practice. 

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