Naval stores industry

These still important products, produced from softwood pines, were once used by the U.S. Navy in the days of wooden ships and were governed by the 1923 Federal Naval Stores Act. 

Turpentine is a mixture of CioHie volatile terpenes (hydrocarbons made of isoprene units). There are actually four different types and methods of making turpentine, including steam distillation of wood. The two pinenes, a and P, are major components of turpentine. Other compounds found in abundant amounts are camphene, dipentene, terpinolene, and A -carene. Although it has been replaced by petroleum hydrocarbons as paint thinners (lower price, less odor), turpentine is still a good solvent and thinner in many specialty applications. The use pattern for turpentine is as follows synthetic 

Pine oil is a mixture of terpine-derived alcohols. It can be extracted from pine but is also synthetically made from turpentine, especially the a-pinene fraction, by reaction with aqueous acid. It is used in many household cleaners as a bactericide, odorant, and solvent. The major constituents of pine oil are shown here. 

a brittle solid, mp 80 °C, is obtained from the gum of trees and tree stumps as a residue after steam distillation of the turpentine. It is made of 90% resin acids and 10% neutral matter. Resin acids are tricyclic monocarboxylic acids of formula C20H30O2. The common isomer is 1-abietic acid. About 38% of rosin is used as paper size (its sodium salt), in synthetic rubber as an emulsifier in polymerization (13%), in adhesives (12%), coatings (8%), and inks (8%). 

The last naval stores chemical that we will mention is tannin, an extract from the wood, bark, or leaves of many trees and plants. This is a mixture of 

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The oleoresinous exudate or "pitch of many conifers, but mainly pines, is the raw material for the major products of the naval stores industry. The oleoresin is produced in the epithelial cells which surround the resin canals. When the tree is wounded the resin canals are cut. The pressure of the epithelial cells forces die oleoresin to the surface of die wound where it is collected. The oleoresin is separated into two fractions by steam distillation. The volatile fraction is called gum turpentine and contains chiefly a mixture of monoterpenes but a smaller amount of sesquiterpenes is present also. The nonvolatile gum rosin 5 consists mainly of llie dilerpenuid resin acids and smaller amounts of esters, alcohols and steroids. Wood turpentine, wood rosin and a fraction of intermediate volatility, pine oil are obtained together by gasoline extrachon of the chipped wood of old pine stumps. Pine oil is largely a mixture of the monoterpenoids terpineol. borneol and fenchyl alcohol. Sulfate turpentine and its nonvolatile counterpart, tall oil, 5 are isolated as by-products of the kraft pulping process. Tall oil consists of nearly equal amounts of saponified fatty acid esters and resin acids. 

Some pine species can be induced to exude pathological resin by wounding living trees. This exuded oleoresin is collected manually. Tar and pitch isolated from this gum was originally used for the protection and tightening of the hulls of wooden ships and for the preservation of ropes ("Naval stores") and gave rise to the so-called naval stores industry. Centered in the southeastern longleaf and slash pine areas of the United States this industry... 

The U.S. naval stores industry began in the very early colonial days, when wooden vessels used tar and pitch from the crude gum or oleoresin collected from the wounds of living pine trees. The demand for tar and pitch from crude gum is now of minor importance. 

Diterpene resin acids are abundantly produced in conifers of the pine family (Pinaceae) and in other plant species (Fig. 6). They are produced in the epithelial cells that surround the resin ducts that are found constitutively, or they are induced in the xylem upon wounding and are important for the physical and chemical plant defenses against herbivores and pathogens (18, 40). Industrially, diterpene resin acids are important chemicals for the naval stores industry, in printing inks, as potential antimicrobials and pharmaceuticals, and are byproducts of wood pulping processes. 

Wood is the raw material of the naval stores industry (77). Naval stores, so named because of their importance to the wooden ships of past centuries, consist of rosin (diterpene resin acids), turpentine (monoterpene hydrocarbons), and associated chemicals derived from pine (see Terpenoids). These were obtained by wounding the tree to yield pine gum, but the high labor costs have substantially reduced this production in the United States. Another source of rosin and turpentine is through extraction of old pine stumps, but this is a nonrenewable resource and this industry is in decline. The most important source of naval stores is spent sulfate pulping liquors from kraft pulping of pine. In 1995, U.S. production of rosin from all sources was estimated at under 300,000 metric tons and of turpentine at 70,000 metric tons. Distillation of tall oil provides, in addition to rosin, neady 128,000 metric tons of tail oil fatty acids annually (78). 

Rosin exploitation, a part of the so-called Naval Stores Industry, is at least as old as the construction of wooden naval vessels. In recent years, rosin components have attracted a renewed attention, notably as sources of monomers for polymers synthesis. The purpose of the present chapter is to provide a general overview of the major sources and composition of rosin. It deals therefore with essential features such as the structure and chemical reactivity of its most important components, viz. the resin acids, and the synthesis of a variety of their derivatives. This chemical approach is then followed hy a detailed discussion of the relevant applications, the resin acids and their derivatives, namely in polymer synthesis and processing, paper sizing, emulsion polymerization, adhesive tack and printing inks, among others. 

Rosin exploitation, a part of the so-called Naval Stores Industry, is at least as old as the construction of wooden naval vessels. It was however only during the first half of the twentieth century that the chemistry of this natural resource was studied in detail and new transformations and applications developed on a more scientific basis. A vast number of papers and patents are available on these topics and most of the relevant information were comprehensively reviewed in the classical book edited by Zinkel and Russell in 1989 [1], which covered all aspects, from the sources and processing, to the chemistry and applications of this versatile raw material. A less exhaustive survey, devoted to rosin applications for polymer synthesis, was also published in the same year by Maitief aZ. [2]. 

Gum thus n. Botanically, the oleoresin from trees of Boswellia species native to Arabia and Somaliland. As applied to the naval stores industry, the term refers to the crystallized pine oleoresin or scarpe collected from scarified faces of trees being worked for turpentine. Langenheim JH (2003) Plant resins chemistry, evolution ecology and ethnobotany. Timber Press, Portland,... 

Rosin or Castor Oil Manufacturing Paint varnish Naval stores Industry... 

The previous sections of this chapter have considered the utilization of turpentine, rosin, and tall oil fatty acids, the primary commodity products of the naval stores industry. In the course of processing the raw materials (crude tall oil and crude sulfate turpentine, and stumpwood extractives), by-products are obtained in addition to turpentine, rosin, and tall oil fatty acids, the primary commodity products. 

The gum naval stores industry showed a similar pattern. During 1908, the peak year of production in the United States, more than 120000 tons of spirits of turpentine and 600000 tons of rosin were produced. Due to competition from wood naval stores after World War I and sulfate turpentine and tall oil after World War II, gum naval stores production declined to less than 4000 tons in 1985. The United States government, recognizing the inevitable demise of this product, completed the liquidation of its stocks in 1972, terminated the Naval Stores Conservation Program, and closed the Agricultural Research Service s Olustee (Florida) Research Laboratory in 1973 (44). 

It almost goes without saying that there may be a product that can be made only from a given wood or bark substrate. In that event, the substrate is the preferred raw material, and the financial risk from substitute raw materials is very low. While there are relatively few utilization schemes that fall into this category, some important examples are natural rubber, the naval stores industry, production of carbohydrate gums from acacia trees, essential oils from foliage, and so on. 

Su Z-a 1984 Naval stores industry in China. Naval Stores Rev 8 13... 

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