Grounding electrical

Explosion-welded constmction has equivalent or better properties than the more compHcated riveted systems. Peripheral benefits include weight savings and perfect electrical grounding. In addition to lower initial installation costs, the welded system requires tittle or no maintenance and, therefore minimizes life-cycle costs. Applications of stmctural transition joints include aluminum superstmctures that are welded to decks of naval vessels and commercial ships as illustrated in Figure 11. 

Storage tanks should be designed in accordance with the ASME code for unfited pressure vessels. AH-welded constmction is recommended. Ethylene oxide storage tanks should be electrically grounded, isolated from potential fire hazards, and equipped with pressure rehef devices. New equipment should be cleaned of iron oxide and immediately purged with inert gas. 

Klinkenberg, A., Production of static electricity by movement of fluids within electrically grounded equipment, Proceedings Fourth World Petroleum Congress, Sect VII-C. Paper No. 5. 253-64, Carlo Colombo, Rome, 1955. 

Grounding requirements All components that handle flammable gases and dusts are electrically grounded to provide a safe path lor an electrostatic charge to leak away. 

Note that grounding a tank truck will not prevent ignition of vapor by a discharge of static electricity. Grounding will prevent a discharge from the tank to earth, but it will not prevent a discharge from the liquid in the tank to the tank or to the filling arm. 

Describe the basic differences betw ccn electrical grounding and electrical bonding. 

Green a. Marking of safety equipment (e.g., gas masks, stretchers, etc.). b. Marking of emergency egress and evacuation routes. c. Control panel indication of a "safe" status of a operating mechanism. d. Safety showers and eyewashes. e. Electrical grounding conductors. f. Safe or acceptable condition indicators. 

Electrostatic discharge Static or electrostatic discharge may be sufficient to initiate detonation in a number of explosives under some circumstances. As a result, the handling of explosives and pyrotechnics, most of the time, is unsafe and requires electrical grounding of working tables and operators. 

Some basic design features are the avoidance of sharp bends, a minimum of line fittings, provision for cleanout, and possibly electrical grounding. In many cases equipment suppliers may wish to do pilot plant work before making final recommendations. Figure... 

Figure 8.2.19 Spectra acquired simultaneously from two coils (a) electro-osmotic flow causes increased broadening of the lineshapes with increasing applied voltage (b) the lineshapes of the resonance in the second coil, where the sample is effectively electrically grounded and thus undergoes no electro-osmotic flow, is not affected by the value of the applied voltage.

Immunoassay of goat IgG can also be achieved on a PMMA chip [1011]. The PMMA chip should be placed on a piece of electrically grounded aluminum foil to reduce the electrostatic charges acquired by the plastic surface, otherwise the fluid flow by voltage control cannot be performed. PMMA was selected because it was reported to be the least hydrophobic of the commonly available plastic materials [1011]. 

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