Naval stores processes

Dyestuffs, natural Ethyl acetate, natural Fustic wood extract Gambier extract Gum naval stores, processing but not gathering or warehousing Hardwood distillates Hemlock extract Logwood extract Mangrove extract Methanol, natural (wood alcohol) Methyl acetone Methyl alcohol, natural (wood alcohol)... 

History of Naval Stores Production Statistics of Naval Stores Processes of Naval Stores Gum Naval Stores Wood Naval Stores Tall Oil Naval Stores Chemistry of Naval Stores Rosin Turpentine Fatty Acid... 

The oleoresinous exudate or "pitch of many conifers, but mainly pines, is the raw material for the major products of the naval stores industry. The oleoresin is produced in the epithelial cells which surround the resin canals. When the tree is wounded the resin canals are cut. The pressure of the epithelial cells forces die oleoresin to the surface of die wound where it is collected. The oleoresin is separated into two fractions by steam distillation. The volatile fraction is called gum turpentine and contains chiefly a mixture of monoterpenes but a smaller amount of sesquiterpenes is present also. The nonvolatile gum rosin 5 consists mainly of llie dilerpenuid resin acids and smaller amounts of esters, alcohols and steroids. Wood turpentine, wood rosin and a fraction of intermediate volatility, pine oil are obtained together by gasoline extrachon of the chipped wood of old pine stumps. Pine oil is largely a mixture of the monoterpenoids terpineol. borneol and fenchyl alcohol. Sulfate turpentine and its nonvolatile counterpart, tall oil, 5 are isolated as by-products of the kraft pulping process. Tall oil consists of nearly equal amounts of saponified fatty acid esters and resin acids. 

Worldwide, about 60 percent of naval stores are produced by tapping living trees, whereas gum naval stores account for only 4 percent of U.S. production. The sulfate process is now the major U.S. process. 

Increases in yield of naval stores are brought about by chemical treatment of the exposed wood, especially with paraquat herbicides (dipyridyl compounds). This treatment stimulates extensive oleoresin formation and diffusion into the wood, extending to the pith of the tree and several feet above the treatment level. As much as 40 percent oleoresin content in the wood has been produced. Such treatment could double naval stores production, for both gum and sulfate processes. It also has the potential of providing a new type of wood naval stores by solvent extraction prior to kraft pulping, or a combination of both methods. 

Wood naval stores are produced by solvent extraction of resin-rich wood from old southern pine stumps and roots. The depletion of these stumps from the large trees of virgin forests, combined with high labor costs, has brought about a major decline in the production of wood naval stores by this process. 

Diterpene resin acids are abundantly produced in conifers of the pine family (Pinaceae) and in other plant species (Fig. 6). They are produced in the epithelial cells that surround the resin ducts that are found constitutively, or they are induced in the xylem upon wounding and are important for the physical and chemical plant defenses against herbivores and pathogens (18, 40). Industrially, diterpene resin acids are important chemicals for the naval stores industry, in printing inks, as potential antimicrobials and pharmaceuticals, and are byproducts of wood pulping processes. 

The rapid growth of sulfate pulping in the South in the 1940s and 1950s led to the birth of the third type of naval stores in this country, the tall oil naval stores. In the tall oil naval store operation, the oleoresinous materials in the trees are recovered in the pulping process in the forms of sulfate turpentine and crude tall oil. The crude tall oil, comprising rosin and fatty acid, can... 

The processing of the three types of naval stores are briefly described below. 

Gum Naval Stores (Figure 3). Gum from trees is scraped into a drum and delivered to a gum processing plant. The crude gum is diluted with turpentine and filtered. Turpentine in the filtrate is then separated from the rosin by distillation. 

Figure 5, Recovery of naval store byproducts from Kraft pulping process.

Rosin exploitation, a part of the so-called Naval Stores Industry, is at least as old as the construction of wooden naval vessels. In recent years, rosin components have attracted a renewed attention, notably as sources of monomers for polymers synthesis. The purpose of the present chapter is to provide a general overview of the major sources and composition of rosin. It deals therefore with essential features such as the structure and chemical reactivity of its most important components, viz. the resin acids, and the synthesis of a variety of their derivatives. This chemical approach is then followed hy a detailed discussion of the relevant applications, the resin acids and their derivatives, namely in polymer synthesis and processing, paper sizing, emulsion polymerization, adhesive tack and printing inks, among others. 

Rosin exploitation, a part of the so-called Naval Stores Industry, is at least as old as the construction of wooden naval vessels. It was however only during the first half of the twentieth century that the chemistry of this natural resource was studied in detail and new transformations and applications developed on a more scientific basis. A vast number of papers and patents are available on these topics and most of the relevant information were comprehensively reviewed in the classical book edited by Zinkel and Russell in 1989 [1], which covered all aspects, from the sources and processing, to the chemistry and applications of this versatile raw material. A less exhaustive survey, devoted to rosin applications for polymer synthesis, was also published in the same year by Maitief aZ. [2]. 

Roberts DR, Brooker PWJ, Harrington TA, Broomfield J, Crews ER (1974) Method of chemically inducing lightwood formation in pine trees. US Patent 3,839,823 Soulard PMA (1975) Activating composition for the tapping of trees. US Patent 3,858,354 Drew J (1976) Process for producing Naval Stores. US Patent 3,991,515 Wolter KE, Peters WJ, Roberts DR et al (1980) Process for increasing oleoresin synthesis in Pinus species. US Patent 4, 203, 253... 

Fig. 10.1.3. Recovery of naval stores by-products from the kraft pulping process...

The previous sections of this chapter have considered the utilization of turpentine, rosin, and tall oil fatty acids, the primary commodity products of the naval stores industry. In the course of processing the raw materials (crude tall oil and crude sulfate turpentine, and stumpwood extractives), by-products are obtained in addition to turpentine, rosin, and tall oil fatty acids, the primary commodity products. 

Processes and products developed to produce industrial materials from renewable resources have been too numerous to record here. For competitive reasons — supply of raw materials and technical and economic considerations — some of the products have varied widely in industrial use. Major U.S. industrial consumption of renewable resources have recently included oils and fats (animal and vegetable) industrial alcohol (wheat, corn, grain sorghum) fibers (cotton lint, flax, hides and skins) paper (forest products) isolated proteins (milk casein, animal glues, soybean, corn) turpentine and rosin (naval stores) and other chemicals (monosodiiim glutamate--wheat starch and dextrin—corn lactose—milk molasses and pulp residues --sugarcane and beet tannin lecithin pectin furfural). 

NAVAL STORES. These include turpentine, rosin, copal, pentene, dipentene and pinene. In laboratoiy tests, alloy 3003 was resistant to products such as these. Naval stores have been processed and handled in aluminum alk equipment including rosin kettles. evaporators, condensers, storage tanks, transfer lines, distillation equipment, piping and shipping containers. See also Ref (3) p. 226. 

There are three routes by which naval stores are produced. The oldest method is the tapping of living trees to cause a flow of oleoresin. The second method is removal of naval stores by solvent extraction. The latter process now has replaced steam distillation as a means of recovering turpentine. In the United States, the latest and now the most important route is kraft (sulphate) pulping of pine, during which turpentine and tall oil are recovered as by-products of kraft pulp manufacture. A fourth process, no longer used in the United States, is recovery of turpentine and pine oils by the destructive distillation of pine wood. ... 

Production, processing, and utilization of naval stores. In Handbook of Process-... 

G. Kolophonium, Balsamhatz F colophane Rosin and its derivatives are the most important natural resins. They are isolated from pine trees Pinus palustris, P. ellioti, P maritima and others). In former times, rosin was used in caulking the bottom of wooden sailing vessels. This is the reason of calling the r.-processing industry and their products naval stores . There are three kinds of rosin. 

---