Gum naval stores

Following improvements in turpentining methods in the 20th century came improvements in processing, the most important being the development and widespread implementation of the Olustee process. This process, which results in 

1) Dissolving the crude oleoresin in turpentine to lower the density to less than that of water and to reduce the viscosity  

2) Filtering to remove trash such as bark, needles, and insects  

3) Washing with dilute oxalic acid to remove iron contaminants that promote oxidation and color formation and 

4) Distilling the oleoresin solution with steam sparge to separate turpentine and rosin. 

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Worldwide, about 60 percent of naval stores are produced by tapping living trees, whereas gum naval stores account for only 4 percent of U.S. production. The sulfate process is now the major U.S. process. 

Dyestuffs, natural Ethyl acetate, natural Fustic wood extract Gambier extract Gum naval stores, processing but not gathering or warehousing Hardwood distillates Hemlock extract Logwood extract Mangrove extract Methanol, natural (wood alcohol) Methyl acetone Methyl alcohol, natural (wood alcohol)... 

History of Naval Stores Production Statistics of Naval Stores Processes of Naval Stores Gum Naval Stores Wood Naval Stores Tall Oil Naval Stores Chemistry of Naval Stores Rosin Turpentine Fatty Acid... 

The varieties of naval store operations grew as the years went by. Prior to 1910, all of the naval stores were derived from living coniferous trees. Flows of oleoresin were collected from artificial wounds in these trees, and this type of naval stores is known as gum naval stores. In the early days, a box was actually cut into the... 

Gum Naval Stores (Figure 3). Gum from trees is scraped into a drum and delivered to a gum processing plant. The crude gum is diluted with turpentine and filtered. Turpentine in the filtrate is then separated from the rosin by distillation. 

Coppen Hone G.A., Gum Naval Stores Turpentine and Rosin from Pine Resin, FAO, Rome, 1995. 

For historical reasons, pine resin was known as Naval Stores , because of its use in the waterproofing of wooden ships. Depending on the way pine resin is isolated from wood, three products are distinguished, namely (i) gum naval stores, obtained by tapping living trees (ii) sulphate naval stores, also known as tall oil rosin, recovered during the kraft pulping of pine wood and (iii) wood naval stores, also known as wood rosin, obtained from the solvent extraction of harvested wood. 

Coppen, J. J. W., Hone, G. A. (1995). Gum naval stores Turpentine and rosin from pine resin. Natural Resources Institute. 

Today s naval stores are classified into three types - gum, wood and sulfate -based on the methods for obtaining them. Although gum naval stores accounted for over 80% of total US. naval stores production in the 1930s, sulfate byproducts now account for some 85% of U.S. production with only 2% from gum naval stores operations wood naval stores is the source of the remaining 13%. However, gum oleoresin accounts for over half of the world production of naval stores. 

The gum naval stores industry showed a similar pattern. During 1908, the peak year of production in the United States, more than 120000 tons of spirits of turpentine and 600000 tons of rosin were produced. Due to competition from wood naval stores after World War I and sulfate turpentine and tall oil after World War II, gum naval stores production declined to less than 4000 tons in 1985. The United States government, recognizing the inevitable demise of this product, completed the liquidation of its stocks in 1972, terminated the Naval Stores Conservation Program, and closed the Agricultural Research Service s Olustee (Florida) Research Laboratory in 1973 (44). 

By midnineteenth century, iron boats began to displace wooden boats. This prompted naval stores producers to separate turpentine from oleoresin to meet the growing demand for a paint and varnish solvent. In the 20th century, the demand for rosin in paint and varnish was so great that its production reached 8.7 million pounds in 1900 and over 10 million pounds in 1910, the highest in the history of gum naval stores. Then wood rosin dominated the... 

Gum Naval Stores. Chap. 1. (http //www.fao.org/docrep/v6460e0b.htm). 

Gum Naval Stores. Turpentine and Rosin From Pine Resin Appendix 2. Quality Criteria Specifications and Test Methods, retrieved May 4, 2003 (http //www.fao.org/docrep/v6460e0b.htm) Klein Wassink, R.J. Soldering in Electronics Electrochemical Publications Isle of Man, 1989. Johnson, R.W. ELEC 6740 Electronics manufacturing Chap. 13. Flux and cleaning. johnson ... 

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