Envelope glycoproteins

In some viruses, the capsid is surrounded by a lipid membrane (envelope), which is derived from the host cell membrane at the site of vims budding. The membrane contains viral envelope glycoproteins as well as host cell membrane proteins. 

Chan DC, Pass D, Berger JM, Kim PS (1997) Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein. CeU 89 263-273... 

He Y, Vassell R, Zaitseva M, Nguyen N, Yang Z, Weng Y, Weiss CD (2003) Peptides trap the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein fusion intermediate at two sites. J Virol 77 1666-1671... 

Jiang S, Lin K, Strick N, Neurath AR (1993) Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by a fusion domain binding peptide from the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein GP41. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 195 533-538... 

Karlsson GB, Halloran M, Schenten D, Lee J, Racz P, Tenner-Racz K, Manola J, Gelman R, Etemad-Moghadam B, Desjardins E, Wyatt R, Gerard NP, Marcon L, Margolin D, Fanton J, Axthelm MK, Letvin NL, Sodroski J (1998) The envelope glycoprotein ectodomains determine the efficiency of CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion in simian- human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Exp Med 188 1159-1171... 

Kwong PD, Wyatt R, Robinson J, Sweet RW, Sodroski J, Hendrickson WA (1998) Structure of an HIV gpl20 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody. Nature 393 648-659... 

Wyatt R, Sodroski J (1998) The HlV-1 envelope glycoproteins lusogens, antigens, and immunogens, Science 280 1884-1888... 

Wyatt R, Kwong PD, Desjardins E, Sweet RW, Robinson J, Hendrickson WA, Sodroski JG (1998) The antigenic structure of the HIV gpl20 envelope glycoprotein. Nature 393 705-711... 

Giuhan D, Vaca K, Noonan CA (1990) Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1. Science 250(4987) 1593-1596 Giuhan D, Wendt E, Vaca K, Noonan CA (1993) The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 stimulates release of neurotoxins from monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(7) 2769-2773... 

The mechanisms of HIV-associated DSP are incompletely understood. Over the years, various hypotheses have been put forward, but recent data suggest that multiple mechanisms are likely to play a role in neuronal or axonal injury in DSP. These processes may be mediated by direct neurotoxicity of HIV or secreted viral proteins such as the envelope glycoprotein gpl20, or by indirect mechanisms... 

While direct infection of the nenrons by HIV is not likely to be an important mechanism of nenrotoxicity (Pardo et al. 2001), there is a complex interplay of HIV envelope glycoprotein gpl20 nenrotoxicity and other immunopathogenic factors in the mechanisms of axonal or nenronal injury (Hoke and Comblath 2004). HIV infection most likely canses DRG cell body and axonal damage via different mechanisms of injnry in each structure (Hahn et al. 2008). 

MUligan ED, O Connor KA et al (2001) Intrathecal HlV-1 envelope glycoprotein gpl20 induces enhanced pain states mediated by spinal cord proinflammatory cytokines. J Neurosd 21(8) 2808-2819... 

The viral polyprotein comprises four structural proteins followed by six non-structural proteins. The structural proteins are envelope glycoproteins El and E2, Core, and the small P7 ion channel [14, 15]. Another putative protein, F, is also encoded by an alternate reading frame in the structural protein region, but no function for the protein has been identified [16]. The non-structural proteins are designated NS2-N5B. NS2/3 possesses an essential autoprotease activity, but it is still not clear whether NS2 itself has an independent function. The bifunctional NS3 protein consists of an N-terminal... 

Cormier EG, Persuh M, Thompson DA, et al. Specific interaction of CCR5 amino-terminal domain peptides containing sulfotyrosines with HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gpl20. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000 97(ll) 5762-5767. 

Moulard M, Decroly E. Maturation of HIV envelope glycoprotein precursors by cellular endoproteases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000 1469(3) 121-132. 

Xiang SH, Doka N, Choudhary RK, Sodroski J, Robinson JE. Characterization of CD4-induced epitopes on the HIV type 1 gpl20 envelope glycoprotein recognized by neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002 18(16) 1207—1217. 

Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Cara A, Gallo RC, Lusso P. The V3 domain of the HIV-1 gpl20 envelope glycoprotein is critical for chemokine-mediated blockade of infection. Nat Med 1996 2(11) 1244-1247. 

Wyss S, Dimitrov AS, Baribaud F, Edwards TG, Blumenthal R, Hoxie JA. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein fusion by a membrane-interactive domain in the gp41 cytoplasmic tail. J Virol 2005 79(19) 12231-12241. 

Yoshida H, Koga Y, Moroi Y, Kimura G, Nomoto K. The effect of p561ck, a lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase, on the syncytium formation induced by human immunodeficiency vims envelope glycoprotein. Int Immunol 1992 4(2) 233-242. 

Batinic D, Robey FA. The V3 region of the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 binds sulfated polysaccharides and CD4-derived synthetic peptides. J Biol Chem 1992 267 6664-6671. 

Fig. 61. Crystal structure of the FIIV-l neutralizing human antibody 2G12 bound to the oligomannoside MaiiyGlcNAc i present on the silent face of the gpl20 envelope glycoprotein (PDB 10P5).

Figure 6. Structure of a HIV vilion with envelope glycoproteins and nucleocapside proteins. Magnified wire structure of its glysoprotein gp120 shows V3 and V4 loops with S-S bonding sites.

It was found that the HIV envelope glycoprotein in vitro increases the production of NO by human monocyte-derived macrophages [114]. NO production is increased in patients who have AIDS [115], and the increased concentrations of nitrite in AIDS patients with opportunistic infections is caused by T gondii, Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Mycobacterium avium, whereas nitrite concentrations are normal in symptom-free patients. It was also confirmed that there was increased production of NO in the sera of children with HIV-1 infection, and of circulating cytokines, such as interleukin lp, tumor necrosis factor a, and interferon y. It is postulated that rises in the concentrations of these cytokines may represent a substantial stimulation of NO production [116]. In contrast, it has been shown that there was no altered endogenous nitrate formation in eight patients with AIDS, most of whom had opportunistic infections [117]. It has also been noted that there were high... 

Yang, X., Lee,J., Mahony, E. M., Kwong, P. D., Wyatt, R., and Sodroski.J. (2002). Highly stable trimers formed by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins fused with the trimeric motif of T4 bacteriophage fibritin. J. Virol. 76, 4634-4642. 

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