Natural history

Vapors emitted from the materials of closed storage and exhibit cases have been a frequent source of pollution problems. Oak wood, which in the past was often used for the constmction of such cases, emits a significant amount of organic acid vapors, including formic and acetic acids, which have caused corrosion of metal objects, as well as shell and mineral specimens in natural history collections. Plywood and particle board, especially those with a urea—formaldehyde adhesive, similarly often emit appreciable amounts of corrosive vapors. Sealing of these materials has proven to be not sufficiently rehable to prevent the problem, and generally thek use for these purposes is not considered acceptable practice. 

Clearly, the intended use of a collection item is extremely important to determining the acceptabiHty of a treatment. The degree to which a treatment affects appearance is obviously of the greatest importance for an art object. On the other hand, in natural history collections the collections serve as research resources above all. The effect a preservation or conservation treatment has on these research appHcations is the main consideration. Collections of art, archaeology, history, science, technology, books, archival materials, etc, all have their own values in terms of balance between preservation needs and collections use, and these values are, moreover, constantly subject to reevaluation and change. 

In Ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder (c. a.d. 23-79) dedicated 37 volumes of Natural History to the emperor Titus. In the last of these books, dealing with gems and precious stones, he describes the properties of the fossil resin, amber. The ability of amber to attract dust was recognised and in fact the word electricity is derived from elektron, the Greek for amber. 

Natur-gerbstoff, m, natural tan, -geschiebte, /. natural history, -gesetz, n, law of nature, natural law. 

Professor of Physics Applied to Natural History was created for his father at the Museum d Histoire Naturelle, Edmund had the dilemma of choosing to attend TEcole Normale, I Ecole Polytechnique, or become an assistant to his father for the course that went with the professorship. He chose to assist his fatlier, and their collaboration continued for decades. Thus, his title on the title page of the hook published in 1855-1856 with his father is given as Professeur all Cousei vatoire imperial des Ai ts et Metiers, Aide-naturaliste au Museum d Histoire Naturelle, etc. After a short period as assistant at la. Sorhonne, and then as Professor at the Institut Agronomique de Versailles, he became Professor at the Cousei vatoire des Ai ts et Metiers in 1852, where he worked for almost forty years. When his father died in 1878, Edmond succeeded him as director of the Museum in addition to his professorship. He received a degree as Doctor of Science from the University of Paris in 1840, and was elected a member of I Academie des Sciences in 1863. 

Bushby, K., Gardner-Medwin, D. (1993). The clinical, genetic and dystrophin characteristics of Becker muscular dystrophy. I. Natural History. J. Neurol. 240. 98-104. 

Chen K, Kandel DB The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the midthirties in a general population sample. Am J Public Health 85 41 7, 1995... 

Hepatitis C infection has an unpredictable natural history with significant potential for causing severe liver disease and variable response to current therapy based on pretreatment factors. Therefore, HCV is an excellent model to describe the... 

The natural history of Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis, that is the risk to develop anaphylaxis again when re-stung, has been analyzed in several prospective studies (table 3) [35-37], and in placebo or whole-body extract treated controls of prospective studies on venom immunotherapy [38-40]. It is higher in patients with a history of severe as compared to mild systemic anaphylactic reactions, and in honey bee than in vespid venom-allergic patients - most likely because of the smaller and less constant amoimt of venom applied by vespids [10,41]. A short interval between two stings increases the risk of anaphylaxis [25], but severe anaphylaxis may occur again even after intervals of 10-20 years or more. 

Table 3. Natural history of Hymenoptera venom allergy... 

Reisman RE Natural history of insect sting allergy relationship of severity of symptoms of initial sting anaphylaxis to re-sting reactions. J Allergy Clin InununoJ 1992 90 335-339. 

Rackham HT. Pliny natural history. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1950. 

While the prevalence of DSP continues to rise as patients with HIV infection live longer, the incidence of HIV-associated neuropathy may be on the decline. Schifitto et al in the Northeast AIDS Dementia (NEAD) Consortium estimated the 1-year incidence of symptomatic neuropathy in a cohort of patients on HAART at 21% (Schifitto et al. 2005), compared to an incidence of 36% in a prior cohort from the pre-HAART era (Schifitto et al. 2002). This suggests that HAART may change the natural history of HIV-associated DSP (Comblath and Hoke 2006). 

NRTls are structural analogues of the natural nucleotides that form the building blocks of RNA and DNA in human cells. Their use as part of HAART has dramatically modified the natural history of HIV infection. They, however, cause a range of drag- or tissue-specific toxicides zidovudine (AZT) causes myopathy zalcitabine (ddC), didanosine (ddl), and lamivudine (3TC) cause neuropathy stavudine (d4T) causes neuropathy or myopathy and lactic acidosis (Dalakas 2001). During phase 1 and 11 trials, the dose-limiting toxicity of didanosine, zalcitabine, and stavudine was identified as peripheral neuropathy (Dalakas 2001). 

Blum AS, Dal Pan GJ et al (1996) Low-dose zalcitabine-related toxic neuropathy frequency, natural history, and risk factors. Neurology 46(4) 999-1003 Bradley WG, Verma A (1996) Painful vascuhtic neuropathy in HlV-1 infection relief of pain with prednisone therapy. Neurology 47(6) 1446-1451 Breen EC (2002) Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pharmacol Ther 95(3) 295-304 Bremer J (1990) The role of carnitine in intracellular metabolism. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 28(5) 297-301... 

Moore RD, Chaisson RE (1999) Natural history of HIV infection in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 13(14) 1933-1942... 

Friedman J, Gutmann D, MacCoUin M, Riccardi V (1999) Neurofibromatosis phenotype, natural history and pathogenesis, vol 3rd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MA... 

Hawaii A Natural History Geology, Chmate, Native Flora and Fauna above the... 

Junger, A. and Johnson, D. L. 1980. Was there a Quaternary land bridge to the Northern Channel Islands Pages 33-39 in D. M. Power (ed.) The California Islands Proceedings of a multidisciplinary symposium. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California. 

Pages 93-119 in V. H. Hey wood (ed.) Taxonomy and Ecology. Academic Press, London. Thornton, L 1971. Darwin s Islands. A Natural History of the Galapagos. The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York. 

Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Bum J, Warlow C. Classification and natural history of clinical identifiable subt)fpes of cerebral infarction. Lancet 1991 337 1521-1526. 

Lodder J, Boiten J. Incidence, natural history, and risk factors in lacunar infarction. Adv Neurol 1993 62 213-227. 

Laboratory for Isotope Geology Swedish Museum of Natural History Box 50007... 

Savage R.J.G. and Long M.R. (1986). Mammal Evolution. British Museum (Natural History), London, p. 264. 

Cremonini F, Talley NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome epidemiology, natural history, health care seeking and emerging risk factors. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2005 34 189-204. 

Banks PA. Epidemiology, natural history, and predictors of disease outcome in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002 56(6 Suppl) S226-S230. 

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