Reticuloendothelial system

ACS Symposium Series American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1980. 

Tc-macroaggregated albumin, Tc-albumin microspheres, Tc-albumin minimicrospheres, Tc- erric hydroxide aggregates, Tc-sulfur colloid, Tc-antimony colloid, Tc-phytate 

Bone agents, e.g, polyphosphates, pyrophosphates, diphos-phonates, iminodiphosphonates 

Tc-DTPA, Tc-EDTA, Tc-MIDA (methyliminodiacetic acid), Tc-citrate 

Tc-gluconate, Tc-glucoheptonate, Tc-Fe-ascorbate, Tc-inulin, Tc-mannitol, Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid 

---

Blood-forming tissues consist of bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and the reticuloendothelial system. These produce the elements of blood and are important for the immunological defense systems. 

Allen, T. M., and Chonn, A. (1987). Large unilamellar liposomes with low uptake into the reticuloendothelial system, FEBS Lett., 223. 42-46. 

Kao, Y. J., and Juliano, R. L. (1981). Interaction of liposomes with the reticuloendothelial system Effects of blockade on the clearance of large unilamellar vesicles, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 677, 453-461. 

Uliana, J. A., Gamble, R. C., and Baldeschwieler, J. D. (1983). Liposomal blockade of the reticuloendothelial system Improved tumor imaging with small unilamellar vesicles. Science. 220. 502-505. 

Reticuloendothelial system Cells located throughout the body that can phagocytose particulate matter. 

Polyanionic polymers can enter into biological functions by distribution throughout the host and they behave similar to proteins, glycoproteins and polynucleotides which modulate a number of biological responses related to the host defense mechanism. These are enhanced immune responses, and activation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) macrophages. 

Tissue distribution of lipo-preparations. The tissue distribution of lipid microspheres in normal and pathologic animals was studied. Research into liposomes of similar size suggested that lipid microspheres accumulated preferentially in the reticuloendothelial system, inflammatory sites, or certain tumors. The distribution of lipid microspheres to these tissues has been found in our studies (7,2). Interestingly, our study showed that lipid microspheres accumulated, particularly at high concentrations, in damaged vascular walls such as atherosclerotic vascular walls. 

Negatively charged particles are more rapidly cleared from the blood than are neutral and positive ones [75], The clearance rate of particles by the reticuloendothelial system is inversely related to the load of the particles that is, the rate of clearance of a larger dose of microparticulate is slower than for a smaller dose [76],... 

B. M. Altura and T. M. Saba, Pathophysiology of the Reticuloendothelial System, Raven Press, New York, 198E... 

In normal human subjects, some 25 % of total body iron (800-1000 mg) is present in the storage forms, mostly as ferritin. Whereas it is likely that all mammalian cell types contain some ferritin, haemosiderin in normal subjects is essentially restricted to cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Ferritin turns out to be almost universal in its distribution ferritin and ferritin-like proteins have been found in all organisms except for one or two archaebacteria. In contrast, haemosiderin has not been found to any extent outside of iron-loaded animals, except for a brief report of a phytosiderin in pea seeds (Laulhere et ah, 1989). 

As discussed in the previous section, long-standing inflammation may result in accumulation of iron in the reticuloendothelial system. In HIV-1 infection, a good example of a prolonged inflammatory process, such an excessive deposition of iron has been documented, and it may be responsible for an enhanced risk of certain infections (Boelaert etal., 1996). For instance, two studies reported an increased risk of Mycobacterium avium infection when such an excess of iron was present, as histologically documented (A1 Khafaie et ah, 1997 De Monye et ah, 1999). 

---