Vaccine mucosal immune response

The indications are that gut antigen-based vaccines, at least based on the antigens described above and mediated by high systemic antibody responses, are unlikely to be wholly effective against non-blood-feeding nematodes. Different antigens may be required and may need to be delivered in such a way as to stimulate local mucosal immune responses. 

Ogra, R, Faden, H., and Welliver, R.C. (2001) Vaccination strategies for mucosal immune responses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14(2) 430-445. 

Lian, T., T. Bui, and R.J. Ho, Formulation of HFV-envelope protein with lipid vesicles expressing ganglioside GMl associated to cholera toxin B enhances mucosal immune responses. Vaccine, 1999. 18(7-8) 604-11. 

Intravaginal vaccination with whole cell and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) oral cholera vaccine provided a greater success rate in providing a mucosal immune response in the female genital tract than an oral vaccination [152]. This study demonstrated that in a single individual, systemic immunity did not directly reflect the local antibody response in the mucosal... 

Tabata, Y., Inoue, Y., and Ikada, Y. Size effect on systemic and mucosal immune responses induced by oral administration of biodegradable microspheres. Vaccine 14 1677-1685, 1996. 

Aramaki, Y., Fujii, Y., Yachi, K., Kikuchi, H., and Tsuchiya, S. (1994), Activation of systemic and mucosal immune response following nasal administration of liposomes, Vaccine, 12,1241-1245. 

Baca-Estrada, M. E., Foldvari, M., Snider, M., Harding, K., Kournikakis, B., Babiuk, L. A., and Griebel, P. (2000), Intranasal immunization with hposome-formulated Yersinia pestis vaccine enhances mucosal immune responses, Vaccine, 18, 2203-2211. 

Jaganathan, K. S., and Vyas, S. P. (2006), Strong systemic and mucosal immune responses to surface-modified PLGA microspheres containing recombinant hepatitis B antigen administered intranasally, Vaccine, 24,4201-4211. 

Its biodegradability and low toxicity in humans have aided the recent increased interest in chitosan as an immunopotentiating agent. In vivo studies have demonstrated that chitosan powder and solution formulations are able to enhance the systemic and mucosal immune responses after nasal vaccine delivery [19, 22, 76],... 

Chitosan microparticulate systems have also been investigated for vaccine nasal delivery and have proven to induce strong systemic and mucosal immune responses [18,21,76],... 

Wang, B. Dang, K. Agadjanyan, M. Mucosal immunization with a DNA vaccine induces immune responses against HIV-1 at a mucosal site. Vaccine 1997,15, 821-825. 

Antigen contained in chitosan within vesicular systems could elicit both systemic and mucosal immune responses remarkably and hence could be a promising carrier system for a number of antigens other than BSA (Jain et al. 2006). With the identification of such types of carrier systems, which have the potential to elicit systemic immunity following oral administration, a new means of development of cost-effective formulations of potential vaccines may emerge and find wide application. 

Eldridge, J. H., Meulbroek, J. A., Staas, J. K., Tice, T. R., and Gilley, R. M. 1989b, Vaccine-containing biodegradable microspheres specifically enter the gut-associated lymphoid tissue following oral administration and induce a disseminated mucosal immune response. Exp. Med. Biol. 251 191-202. 

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