Practical Consequences

The true value of a drug is characterised by the following formula and rules (Hoigne et al. 1978)  

Percentage of patients with benefit, compared with a control group effect of the specific drug on the disease process and on symptoms 

Type and degree of severity of the disease availability of other drugs with comparable effectiveness and safety price differences 

Risk of adverse reaction Function of the drug and disposition of the patient  

All three factors have to be considered efficacy, indication and safety. The last covers the central topic of this book. If allergy tests are available, their practical value is, above all, of diagnostic and prophylactic importance. 

Being able to wet every cavity or hole in a rough surface has advantages in bofli nature and man-made devices. When water wets a superhydrophilic surface, it spreads spontaneously with no trap air and no measurable contact angle. In nature, such surface structures have been created in plant leaves so that the plants can adapt 

silica and other metal oxide particles are hydrophilic too. They can be incorporated into thin films via the sol gel technique [36], or by layer-by-layer deposition [37] or as a composite coating with a polymer binder [38]. Finally, a fuUy wetted liquid-solid interface should also be beneficial for heat-exchange devices and electrodes, where overheating and over-potential can be minimized. 

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Hydroxide ion lies below phenol m Table 1 7 hydrogen carbonate ion lies above phe nol The practical consequence of the reactions shown is that NaOH is a strong enough base to convert phenol to phenoxide ion but NaHCOs is not... 

This difference in behavior for acetic acid in pure water versus water buffered at pH = 7 0 has some important practical consequences Biochemists usually do not talk about acetic acid (or lactic acid or salicylic acid etc) They talk about acetate (and lac tate and salicylate) Why Its because biochemists are concerned with carboxylic acids as they exist in di lute aqueous solution at what is called biological pH Biological fluids are naturally buffered The pH of blood for example is maintained at 7 2 and at this pH carboxylic acids are almost entirely converted to their carboxylate anions... 

Two pieces of work-hardened 5000 series aluminium alloy plate were butt welded together by arc welding. After the weld had cooled to room temperature, a series of hardness measurements was made on the surface of the fabrication. Sketch the variation in hardness as the position of the hardness indenter passes across the weld from one plate to the other. Account for the form of the hardness profile, and indicate its practical consequences. 

It is also a point of change in control of the reaction rate by the energy of activation below it to control by the entropy of activation above it. The effect of changes in structure, solvent, etc., will depend on the relation of the experimental temperature to the isokinetic temperature. A practical consequence of knowing the isokinetic temperature is the possibility of cleaning up a reaction by adjusting the experimental temperature. Reactions are cleaner at lower temperatures (as often observed) if the decrease in the experimental temperature makes it farther from the isokinetic temperature. The isokinetic relationship or Compensation Law does not seem to apply widely to the data herein, and, in any case, comparisons are realistic if made far enough from the isokinetic temperature. 

A flame is a thin region of rapid, self sustaining oxidation of fuel that is often accompanied by the release of large amounts of heat and light. Flames are what we most coninionly associate with combustion. One part of combustion science focuses on the different ways flames can be formed and the scientific and practical consequences of each. 

Elastic Constants While there is some evidence of small changes in the elastic properties of steel as a result of dissolved hydrogen these changes are small, and of little practical consequence. This is perhaps to be expected... 

The uncertainty principle has negligible practical consequences for macroscopic objects, but it is of profound importance for subatomic particles such as the electrons in atoms and for a scientific understanding of the nature of the world. 

In the following example, the practical consequences of choosing the second way are explored. 

Assumptions Empirical polynomial approximation to r-tables. A good overall fit was attempted relative errors of less than 1% are irrelevant as far as practical consequences are concerned. The number of coefficients is a direct consequence of this approach. Polynomials were chosen in lieu of other functions in order to maximize programnung flexibility and speed of execution. 

Combustion d5mamics phenomena have important practical consequences and their prediction, alleviation, and reduction constitute technological challenges [10-12]. This requires an understanding of (1) the driving mechanisms that feed energy into the wave motion and (2) the acoustic coupling mechanisms that close the feedback loop. 

As the Nemst equation describes, cell potentials are linked quantitatively to concentrations. One practical consequence of this relationship is that potential measurements can be used to determine concentrations of ions in... 

The FTIR studies revealed that the formation of CO2 is only detected when the CO starts to be oxidized (Fig. 6.18). Therefore, it was proposed that the mechanism has only one path, with CO as the C02-forming intermediate [Chang et al., 1992 Vielstich and Xia, 1995]. This has two important and practical consequences. First, methanol oxidation will be catalyzed by the same adatoms that catalyze CO oxidation, mainly ruthenium. Second, since the steric requirements for CO formation from methanol are quite high, the catalytic activity of small (<4nm) nanoparticles diminishes [Park et al., 2002]. 

A further practical consequence relates to the different dependencies of the steady-state and transient currents on and y. It should be possible to determine independently... 

The practical consequence of linear solvent strength theory is that, in principle, it is possible to estimate the retention times of all peaks at any... 

The direction of the transition moment is of practical consequence in dyes used in liquid crystal display systems. It is important for such applications that the direction of the transition moment is aligned with the molecular axis of the dye. Since this is the case with azo dye 15f, the dye would appear to be a reasonable candidate as a liquid crystal display dye (see Chapter 10 for further discussion of this application of dyes). 

Instructions for the behaviour of every cell in the bodies of worms, flies and humans will soon reside in public databases for all to read. A complete set of these instructions, packaged as chromosomes, is inherited by most cells in our body. Because of this, many if not most somatic nuclei in mammals are totipotent that is, they are capable of programming all of mammalian development when injected into enucleated eggs (Wilmut et al 1997). Dolly s creation had dramatic practical consequences but its feasibility was never improbable on theoretical grounds. How cells inherit two complete packages of the genome at each cell division is one of the most fundamental questions in biology (Fig. la). 

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