Zonula occludens toxin

M. T. De Maqistris. Zonula occludens toxin as a new promising adjuvant for mucosal vaccines. Vaccine 24 S60-S61 (2006). 

Motlekar NA, Fasano A, Wachtel MS, Youan BB. Zonula occludens toxin synthetic derivative AT1002 enhances in vitro and in vivo intestinal absorption of low molecular weight heparin. J Drug Target 2006 14 321-9. 

Fasano, A., and S. Uzzau. 1997. Modulation of intestinal tight junctions by zonula occludens toxin permits enteral administration of insulin and other macromolecules in an animal model. J Clin Invest 99 1158. 

Fasano, A., et al. 1995. Zonula occludens toxin modulates tight junctions through protein kinase C-dependent actin reorganization, in vitro. J Clin Invest 96 710. 

Fasano, A. 2000. Regulation of intercellular tight junctions by zonula occludens toxin and its eukaryotic analogue zonulin. Ann NY Acad Sci 915 214. 

Cox, D. S., Raje, S., Gao, H., et al. Enhanced permeability of molecular weight markers and poorly bioavailable compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers using the absorption enhancer, zonula occludens toxin. Pharm. Res. 19 1680—1688, 2002. 

Di Pierro M, Lu R, Uzzau S, Wang W, Margaretten K, Pazzani C, Maimone F, Fasano A (2001) Zonula occludens toxin structure-function analysis. J Biol Vhem 276 19160-19165 Doyle LA, Yang W, Abruzzo LY, Krogmann T, Gao Y, Rishi AK, Ross DD (1998) A multidrug resistance transporter from human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 15665-15670... 

Mankertz J, Tavalali S, Schmitz H, Mankertz A, Riecken EO, Fromm M, Schulzke JD (2000) Expression from the human occludin promoter is affected by tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. J Cell Sci 113 2085-2090 Marinaro M, Fasano A, De Magistris MT (2003) Zonula occludens toxin acts as an adjuvant through different mucosal routes and induces protective immune responses. Infect Immun 71 1897-1902... 

Low molecular mass permeation enhancers include numerous classes of compounds with diverse chemical properties including detergents, surfactants, N-acetylated x-amino acids, N-acetylated non-a-amino acids, fatty acids, medium-chain mono- and diglycerides, acyl carnitine, alkanoyl cholines, Ca2 + chelating agents, zonula occludens toxins and NO donors. 

Fasano A, Baudry B, Pumplin D, et al. (1991) Vibrio cholerae produces a second enterotoxin, which affects intestinal tight junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 5242-5246 Fasano A, Uzzau S, Fiore C, Mararetten K (1997) The enterotoxic effect of Zonula Occludens toxin on rabbit small intestine involves the paracellular pathway. Gastroentrology 112 839-846... 

Sakai M, Imai T, Ohtake H, Otagiri M (1998) Cytotoxicity of absorption enhancers in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharm Pharmacol 50 1101-1108 Salama NN, Fasano A, Lu R, et al. (2003) Effect of the biologically active fragment of Zonula Occludens toxin, AG, on the intestinal paracellular transport and oral absorption of mannitol. Int J. Pharm 251 113-121... 

Some drug absorption enhancers are capable of loosening tight junctions (zonula occludens) and thereby facilitate paracellular absorption of drug molecules and improve the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients with low membrane permeability. The penetration enhancers include chelating agents [e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), toxins [e.g., zonula occludens toxin), plant-derived materials [e.g., aloe vera gel), and cationic polymers. Polycationic lipophilic-core dendrons, which form lipophilic ion-pairs with heparin, were studied as a system for oral delivery of heparin. ... 

Karyekar CS, Fasano A, Raje S, Lu RL, Dowling TC, Eddington ND, 2003. Zonula occludens toxin increases the permeability of molecular weight markers and chemotherapeutic agents across the bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. / Pharm Sci. 92(2) 414. 

This physiological barrier exists to provide protection from the entry of toxins, bacteria, and viruses from the apical side to the basolateral side, and it allows the passage of selective molecules and cells. The intercellular junctions can be divided into three different regions (1) tight junctions zonula occludens), (2) adherens junctions (zonula adherens), and (3) desmosomes. The intercellular junctions form an 80-nm-long tortuous path between the two adjacent cells that runs the entire lateral side of the cell, as discovered by transmission electron microscopic studies.4... 

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