Vaccine delivery system

Despite the evidence for the cytotoxicity of CNTs, there are an increasing number of published studies that support the potential development of CNT-based biomaterials for tissue regeneration (e.g., neuronal substrates [143] and orthopedic materials [154—156]), cancer treatment [157], and drug/vaccine delivery systems [158, 159]. Most of these applications will involve the implantation and/or administration of such materials into patients as for any therapeutic or diagnostic agent used, the toxic potential of the CNTs must be evaluated in relation to their potential benefits [160]. For this reason, detailed investigations of the interactions between CNTs/CNT-based implants and various cell types have been carried out [154, 155, 161]. A comprehensive description of such results, however, is beyond the scope of this chapter. Extensive reviews on the biocompatibility of implantable CNT composite materials [21, 143, 162] and of CNT drug-delivery systems [162] are available. 

Jilek S, Merkle HP, Walter E (2005) DNA-loaded biodegradable microparticles as vaccine delivery systems and their interaction with dendritic cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57 377-390... 

Wendorf J, Chesko J, Kazzaz J et al (2008) A comparison of anionic nanoparticles and microparticles as vaccine delivery systems. Hum Vaccin 4 44-49... 

Eldridge, J.H. et al., Biodegradable Microspheres as a Vaccine Delivery System, Molecular Immunology. 28, 287, 1991. 

Amselem, S., C.R. Alving, A.J. Domb, Polymeric Biodegradable Lipospheres as Vaccine Delivery Systems, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 3, 351, 1992. 

J. Singh, S. Pandit, V. W. Bramwell, and H. O. Alpar. Diphtheria toxoid loaded poly-(e-caprolactone) nanoparticles as mucosal vaccine delivery systems. Methods 38 96-105 (2006). 

Although Vaccinia was eliminated from the international scene as recently as two decades ago, terrorism fears have generated renewed interest in the large-scale protection of an unprotected population against the disease, which has occasionally reappeared as a result of laboratory accidents and, in some cases, of deliberate dissemination of the virus. This is one example of the primary need for protection against the disease and for suitable vaccine delivery systems. 

Mestecky, J., et al. 1997. Current options for vaccine delivery systems by mucosal routes. J Control Release 48 243. 

As of today, there are no commercially available pharmaceutical products of this technology. The pharmaceutical industry however, is involved in developing nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Use of nanospheres to modify the blood-brain barrier (BBB)—limiting characteristics of the drug enables targeted brain delivery via BBB transporters and provides a sustained release in brain tissue and vaccine delivery systems to deliver therapeutic protein antigens into the potent immune cells are under investigation.103... 

Approaches and Different Oral Vaccine Delivery Systems. 201... 

Mucosal adjuvant and vaccine delivery system development is an area of importance for improving public health. Mucosal immunization can serve in the future in increasing mucosal immune function, induction of protective immunity against infections, and induction of tolerance or modifying autoimmune disorders, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Development of oral vaccines would have large implications for rural and remote populations where access to trained medical staff to administer vaccines by injection can be lacking. 

Adjuvants can be classified into two main groups based on their mechanism of action. The first group are particulate materials that act as vaccine delivery systems and target associated antigens into APC. These include emulsions, microparticles, iscoms, and liposomes. The second group are immunostimula-tory and are derived mainly from pathogens. These include lipopolysaccharide... 

TABLE 5 Nasal Vaccination Delivery Systems Studied ... 

Olive, C., Batzloff, M., Horvath, A., et al. (2003) Potential of lipid core peptide technology as a novel self-adjuvanting vaccine delivery system for multiple different synthetic peptide immunogens. Infection and Immunity 71, 2373-2383. 

Intranasal vaccination route has received growing interest for non-invasive immunization. Intranasal immrmization has been quite effective for various vaccine-delivery systems. Both solution and microsphere formulations tend to show good immune responses after intranasal administration. Immunization of mice with tetanus toxoid, in solution and microsphere-encapsulated... 

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles. They have been used to develop a vaccine-delivery system by peroral and oral routes. Ovalbumin was encapsulated in various lyophilized niosome preparations consisting of sucrose esters, cholesterol, and dicetyl phosphate. Encapsulation of ovalbumin into niosomes consisting of 70% stearate sucrose ester and 30% pal-mitate sucrose ester (40%i mono-, 60% di/triester) resulted in a significant increase in antibody titers in serum, saliva, and intestinal washings. ... 

Hayashi, A. Nakanishi, T. Kunisawa, J. Kondoh, M. Imazu, S. Tsutsumi, Y. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, H. Hamaoka, T. Mayumi, T. A novel vaccine delivery system using immunopotentiating fusogenic liposomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999, 261, 824—828. 

Gizurarson S, Aggerback H, Gudmundsson M, Heron I. Intranasal vaccination pharmaceutical evaluation of the vaccine delivery system and immunokinetic characteristics of the immune response. Pharm Dev Technol 1998 3 385—394. 

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