Oral vaccination mucosal immunization

Streatfleld, S.J. (2006). Mucosal immunization using recombinant plant-based oral vaccines. Methods 38(2) 150-157. 

This chapter first provides a description of immunity in general and then more specifically, immunity in the mucosal immune system. The immune response of both intestinal and respiratory tracts will be described in detail as these are the two most common portals of targeted vaccine development for mucosal immunity. The chapter will cover the basis of mucosal immunity using plant-based oral vaccines. Strategies for increasing mucosal immunity, such as the use of adjuvants, will also be discussed. Finally, the chapter will cover the precliiucal tests and various cliiucal trials that are taking place with respect to production of human and veterinary therapeutic proteins in plants. 

The provocation of mucosal immunity against a given antigen can be achieved by other means besides oral ingestion. For example, intranasal administration of vaccine proteins can improve local mucosal immunity and enable large populations to be immunized at a lower cost. Plant-derived vaccines provide hope for more immunogenic, more effective and... 

Investigates the basis of mucosal immunity using plant-based oral vaccines... 

Intravaginal vaccination with whole cell and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) oral cholera vaccine provided a greater success rate in providing a mucosal immune response in the female genital tract than an oral vaccination [152]. This study demonstrated that in a single individual, systemic immunity did not directly reflect the local antibody response in the mucosal... 

Tabata, Y., Inoue, Y., and Ikada, Y. Size effect on systemic and mucosal immune responses induced by oral administration of biodegradable microspheres. Vaccine 14 1677-1685, 1996. 

Mucosal adjuvant and vaccine delivery system development is an area of importance for improving public health. Mucosal immunization can serve in the future in increasing mucosal immune function, induction of protective immunity against infections, and induction of tolerance or modifying autoimmune disorders, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Development of oral vaccines would have large implications for rural and remote populations where access to trained medical staff to administer vaccines by injection can be lacking. 

Shalaby WSW (1995) Development of oral vaccines to stimulate mucosal and systemic immunity barriers and novel strategies. Clin Immunol Immunopath 74(2) 127-134 Sharon M, Nir P, Lior K, David BN, Tomer I, Paula S, Reuven L, Shlomo L (2007) Tail scarification with Vaccinia virus Lister as a model for evaluation of smallpox vaccine potency in mice. Vaccine 25(45) 7743-7753... 

Zhang X, Zhang X, Yang Q (2007) Effect of compound mucosal immune adjuvant on mucosal and systemic immune responses in chicken orally vaccinated with attenuated Newcastle-disease vaccine. Vaccine 25(17) 3254-3262... 

A product or reagent that must be kept cold during transit and storage most often between 4° and 8°C. See Elliott, M.A. and Halbert, G.W., Maintaining the cold chain shipping environment for phase I clinical trial distribution, Int. J. Pharm. 299, 49-54, 2005 Streatfield, S.J., Mucosal immunization using recombinant plant-based oral vaccines. Methods 38, 150-157, 2005. 

Fig. 4 Mucosal immunization and production of IgA antibodies in various mucosal surfaces via the common mucosal-simmu-nization system. Nasal and rectal vaccinations usually result in IgA production in upper respiratory tract and genitourinary tract, respectively, whereas effector sites by oral vaccination are expected to include many mucosal surfaces.

Live Attenuated Organisms. Live attenuated bacteria and viruses have been used not only as vaccines but also as a delivery system that elicits humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses against exogenous antigens. Since the success with live attenuated oral vaccines against tuberculosis and polio more than 3 decades ago, a number of live attenuated microorganisms have been used as antigen-delivery systems. Live vaccines are relatively easy and cheap to manufacture, because they do not require purification of... 

Minato S et al (2003) Application of polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-modified Hposomes for oral vaccine Effect of lipid dose on systemic and mucosal immunity. J Control Release 89 189-197... 

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