Meteorological

T. E. Graedel, D. T. Hawkias, and L. D. CExton, Atmospheric Chemical Compounds Sources, Occurrence and Bioassay, Academic Press, New York, 1986. Atmospheric O ne 1985, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (3 vols.) an excellent compendium on tropospheric and stratospheric processes. 

D. H. Slade, ed.. Meteorology and Atomic Pnergy 1968, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, July 1968 available as TlD-24190, Cleatinghouse for Eederal Scientific and Technical Information National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, Sptingfteld, Va. 

G. A. Briggs, Plume Rise Predictions, Eectures on Air Pollution andEnvironmental Impact Analyses, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass., 1975. 

This article is intended to provide a useful first understanding of flow phenomena and techniques and to provide an entry to more precise and detailed methods where these are required. Although the main concern is the proper design and operation of plant equipment, the importance of preservation of the environment is recognized. Thus data from the fields of meteorology and oceanography are occasionally needed by the technologist (see also Flowl asurel nt Fluidization). 

Scientific Assessment of Ocyone Depletion 1991, Report No. 25, World Meteorological Organization, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva, 1991. 

Climate and Environmental Factors. The biomass species selected for energy appHcations and the climate must be compatible to faciUtate operation of fuel farms. The three primary climatic parameters that have the most influence on the productivity of an iadigenous or transplanted species are iasolation, rainfall, and temperature. Natural fluctuations ia these factors remove them from human control, but the information compiled over the years ia meteorological records and from agricultural practice suppHes a valuable data bank from which to develop biomass energy appHcations. Ambient carbon dioxide concentration and the availabiHty of nutrients are also important factors ia biomass production. 

World Meteorological Ofgani ation (WMO)f NMSMf UNEP ScientfcMssessment Report No. 37, University of Colorado Pubhcations Services,... 

Pressure. Although both bar and torr are widely used for pressure, the use of the torr is strongly discouraged in favor of the pascal and its multiples. The bar, however, is still approved for temporary use. The millibar is widely used in meteorology (1 mbar = 100 Pa). 

Gaussian plume models are easy to use and require relatively few input data. Multiple sources are treated by superimposing the calculated contributions of individual sources. It is possible to include the first-order chemical decay of pollutant species within the Gaussian plume framework. For chemically, meteorologically, or geographically complex situations, however, the Gaussian plume model fails to provide an acceptable solution. 

Dynamic meteorological models, much like air pollution models, strive to describe the physics and thermodynamics of atmospheric motions as accurately as is feasible. Besides being used in conjunction with air quaHty models, they ate also used for weather forecasting. Like air quaHty models, dynamic meteorological models solve a set of partial differential equations (also called primitive equations). This set of equations, which ate fundamental to the fluid mechanics of the atmosphere, ate referred to as the Navier-Stokes equations, and describe the conservation of mass and momentum. They ate combined with equations describing energy conservation and thermodynamics in a moving fluid (72) ... 

Mathematical and Computational Implementation. Solution of the complex systems of partial differential equations governing both the evolution of pollutant concentrations and meteorological variables, eg, winds, requires specialized mathematical techniques. Comparing the two sets of equations governing pollutant dynamics (eq. 5) and meteorology (eqs. 12—14) shows that in both cases they can be put in the form ... 

R. A. P Ake, Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling AcAeimc Press, Orlando, Pla., 1984. 

Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ocyone 1989, United Nations Environment Program and World Meteorological Organization, New York, 1989. 

Wind Direction and Speed Wind direc tion is measured at the height at which the pollutant is released, and the mean direction will indicate the direc tion of travel of the pollutants. In meteorology, it is conventional to consider the wind direction as the direction from which the wind blows therefore, a northwest wind will move pollutants to the southeast of the source. 

Briggs, G. A., Plume Rise Predications Lectures on Air Pollution and Environmental Impact Analyses, Workshop Proceedings, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, 1975, pp. 59-111. 

Assume a continuous release of pressurized, hquefied cyclohexane with a vapor emission rate of 130 g moLs, 3.18 mVs at 25°C (86,644 Ib/h). (See Discharge Rates from Punctured Lines and Vessels in this sec tion for release rates of vapor.) The LFL of cyclohexane is 1.3 percent by vol., and so the maximum distance to the LFL for a wind speed of 1 iti/s (2.2 mi/h) is 260 m (853 ft), from Fig. 26-31. Thus, from Eq. (26-48), Vj 529 m 1817 kg. The volume of fuel from the LFL up to 100 percent at the moment of ignition for a continuous emission is not equal to the total quantity of vapor released that Vr volume stays the same even if the emission lasts for an extended period with the same values of meteorological variables, e.g., wind speed. For instance, in this case 9825 kg (21,661 lb) will havebeen emitted during a 15-min period, which is considerablv more than the 1817 kg (4005 lb) of cyclohexane in the vapor cloud above LFL. (A different approach is required for an instantaneous release, i.e., when a vapor cloud is explosively dispersed.) The equivalent weight of TNT may be estimated by... 

Adequate support from the facility staff is absolutely essential. The facility staff must help the analysis team gather pertinent documents (e.g., PSilDs, procedures, software descriptions, material inventories, meteorological data, population data) and must describe current operating and maintenance practices. The facility staff must then critique the logic model(s) and calculation(s) to ensure that the assumptions are correct and that the results seem reasonable. The facility staff should also be involved in developing any recommendations to reduce risk so they will fully understand the rationale behind all proposed improvements and can help ensure that the proposed improvements are feasible. Table 12 summarizes the types of facility resources and personnel needed for a typical QRA. 

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