World Meteorological Organization WMO

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). This panel gave its official report... 

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Report 20, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva, 1990. 

World Meteorological Organization, WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 10, Geneva, Switzerland 2014. 

In summary, the chemistry of the stratosphere and the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on it have a rich history, with new chemistry that continues to unfold. For reviews of various aspects of the chemistry and history, see Cicerone (1981, 1987), Rowland (1989, 1992,1993), Molina (1991), Rowland and Molina (1994), Toohey (1995), Brasseur et al. (1995), chapters by Li et al. (1995a), Anderson, and Sander et al. in the book edited by Barker (1995), chapters by Brune, Middle-brook and Tolbert, Wilson, and Brasseur et al. in the book edited by Macalady (1998), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 1995 and 1999 reports Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion. ... 

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1994, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 37, published February 1995 1998 update, Report No. 44, published February, 1999. 

By definition, climate is characterized by estimates of meteorological parameters averaged over a time period of 30 years. For instance, climate anomalies for the 1990s are defined as the deviation from averages for the period 1961-1990. Nevertheless, analysis of the spatiotemporal climate variability for individual years is widely practiced. In particular, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) publishes annual summaries of global climate (Yan and Torres, 2007). 

The surface separating the troposphere from the stratosphere is called the tropopause. It is associated with the minimum in the vertical temperature profile observed near 7-16 km altitude. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines the tropopause level as the lower boundary of a layer in which the vertical decrease in temperature is less than 2 K/km for a depth of at least 2 km. 

Only a decade earlier, just 24 countries had signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer. This treaty, however, was soon ratified by all of the significant producer and consumer nations. It came into force within only 15 months, has now been ratified by nearly 170 countries, and has entered into the annals of diplomacy as a landmark in the history of international cooperation. The heads of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) described the 1987 Montreal Protocol as one of the great international achievements of the century (Bojkov, 1995). 

FIGURE 5.1 Primary sources of chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere in 1999 [World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 2002],... 

As of October 9, 2000, there were 86 states parties to the Notification Convention. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) are also Parties to the Notification Convention. 

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