Meteorological elements

The atmospheric processes of moisture transport that are directly connected with the temporal variations of meteorological elements, play an important role in the global water cycle. Global atmospheric circulation can be described by the Monin model (Monin and Krasnitsky, 1985) ... 

The U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976) is an idealized, steady-state representation of mean annual conditions of the Earth s atmosphere from the surface to 1000 km at latitude 45° N, as it is assumed to exist during a period with moderate solar activity. The defining meteorological elements are sea-level temperature and pressure and a temperature-height profile to 1000 km. The 1976 Standard Atmosphere uses the following sea-level values that have been standard for many decades ... 

The ammonia concentration varies with varions meteorological elements snch as water vapor content changes with time in the enviroiunent. Also, becanse water... 

A cross-strait geodetic network with a mean side length of 25 km was established by trilateration. Around 1970 there was no fixed method for precise long-distance measurements with EDM. Many test observations were carried out by the GSI to determine in particular the relation between the meteorological element and the observation time, and the following rules were determined for distance measurements in this area. 

Synthesis of weather conditions in a given area, characterized by long-term statistics (mean values, variances, probabilities of extreme values, etc.) of the meteorological elements in that area (WMO 1992, p. 112). 

The reader s attention will instantly be attracted by the point, that here, in the description of the system, chemical properties are mentioned as well. Additionally, a (logical) definition of the discipline of meteorology is given by the inclusion of atmospheric chemistry. Also, a differentiation between the concepts of air and atmosphere can be made out in the sense that air is seen as a substantial (that is, chemical) composite, which behaves within the atmosphere according to geo-physi-cal laws. Now, the WMO becomes inconsistent with its description of meteorological elements (that is, the system parameters of the state of the atmosphere), as no (atmospheric) chemical properties are numerated ... 

Pasquill (11) advocated the use of fluctuation measurements for dispersion estimates but provided a scheme "for use in the likely absence of special measurements of wind structure, there was clearly a need for broad estimates" of dispersion "in terms of routine meteorological data" (p. 367). The first element is a scheme which includes the important effects of thermal stratification to yield broad categories of stability. The necessary parameters for the scheme consist of wind speed, insolation, and cloudiness, which are basically obtainable from routine observations (Table 19-3). 

As some necessary meteorological data were unavailable, we employed two different techniques to estimate the element abundance in air. Reverse calculations, in the framework of the American program MEPAS, allowed us to find the concentration fields based on experimental and especially adapted meteorological data. The second technique included direct calculations in the framework of the Russian standardized program Ecologist, which took into account the actual chemical composition of copper-smelting production contaminants. Both techniques had some restrictions, mainly insufficient initial information on the sources of contaminants and limited possibilities of the analytical equipment used. 

Davy, Elements of Chemical Philosophy, 1. For natural theology and chemical philosophy, see William Prout s Bridgewater Treatise, Chemistry, Meteorology and the Function of Digestion Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (London Pickering, 1834). 

The ozone balance in the stratosphere is determined through complex interactions of solar radiation, meteorological movements within the stratosphere, transport to and from the troposphere, and the concentration of species based on elements other than oxygen that enter the stratosphere by natural or artificial means (such as flight of aircraft). 

Whether the prediction scheme is a simple chart, a formula, or a complex numerical procedure, there are three basic elements that must be considered meteorology, source emissions, and atmospheric chemical interactions. Despite the diversity of methodologies available for relating emissions to ambient air quality, there are two basic types of models. Those based on a fundamental description of the physics and chemistry occurring in the atmosphere are classified as a priori approaches. Such methods normally incorporate a mathematical treatment of the meteorological and chemical processes and, in addition, utilize information about the distribution of source emissions. Another class of methods involves the use of a posteriori models in which empirical relationships are deduced from laboratory or atmospheric measurements. These models are usually quite simple and typically bear a close relationship to the actual data upon which they are based. The latter feature is a basic weakness. Because the models do not explicitly quantify the causal phenomena, they cannot be reliably extrapolated beyond the bounds of the data from which they were derived. As a result, a posteriori models are not ideally suited to the task of predicting the impacts of substantial changes in emissions. 

The fundamental elements of deterministic models involve a combination of chemical and meteorologic input, preprocessing with data transmission, logic that describes atmospheric processes, and concentration-field output tables or displays. In addition to deterministic models, there are statistical schemes that relate precursors (or emission) to photo-chemical-oxidant concentrations. Models may be classified according to time and space scales, depending on the purposes for which th are designed. 

The first three components suggest regional sources of acidic anthropogenic aerosol, the marker elements of a copper smelter, and seasalt, respectively. The fourth component or the ammonium In component three do not provide a ready Interpretation of a known emission or meteorological source of variability. The negative correlation of nitrate with component two Is consistent with separate Influences of the copper smelter and automobile emissions. 

Cluster analysis Is used to determine the particle types that occur in an aerosol. These types are used to classify the particles in samples collected from various locations and sampling periods. The results of the sample classifications, together with meteorological data and bulk analytical data from methods such as instrunental neutron activation analysis (INAA). are used to study emission patterns and to screen samples for further study. The classification results are used in factor analysis to characterize spatial and temporal structure and to aid in source attribution. The classification results are also used in mass balance comparisons between ASEM and bulk chemical analyses. Such comparisons allow the combined use of the detailed characterizations of the individual-particle analyses and the trace-element capability of bulk analytical methods. 

Sievering, H. Dave, M. Dolske, D. McCoy, P. Trace Element Concentrations over Mid-Lake Michigan as a Function of Meteorology and Source Region, Atmospheric Environ., 1980, Jj ... 

Dirk Coster. Professor of physics and meteorology at the Royal University of Groningen. Co-discoverer with Georg von Hevesy of the element hafnium. Author of many papers on X-rays and atomic structure. 

POLONIUM. [CAS 7440-02-06], Chemical element, symbol Po, at. no. 84, at. wt. 210 (mass number of the most stable isotope), mp 252,JC. bp 960°C, sp gr 9.4. The element was first identified as an ingredient of pitchblende by Mane Curie in 1898. The element occurs in nature only as a decay product of thorium and uranium, Because of limited availability and high cost, relatively few practical uses for the element have been found, Meteorological instruments for measuring the electrical potential of air have used small quantities of the metal, It is interesting to note that when Mme. Curie first identified polonium, she found that an electroscope was... 

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