Mesoscale meteorology

R. A. P Ake, Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling AcAeimc Press, Orlando, Pla., 1984. 

P. S. Ray, Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, American Meteorological Society, Boston, 1986. 

Surkova GV, Arkhipkin VS, Mukhametov SS (2006) Coastal mesoscale meteorological processes on the Black Sea shore in summer time. Meteorol Hydrol 3 31 (in Russian)... 

Baklanov A, Fay B, Kaminski J, Sokhi R (2007) Overview of existing integrated (off-line and online) mesoscale meteorological and chemical transport modelling systems in Europe, Joint Report of COST Action 728 and GURME, GAW Report No. 177, WMO TD No. 1427,... 

Brown, M.J., and Williams, M.D. (1998) An Urban Canopy Parameterization for Mesoscale Meteorological Models. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Report LA-UR-98-3831. 

Pielke, R.A. (1984) Mesoscale meteorological modelling, Academic Press. 

More often, three-dimensional gridded meteorological forecast data provided by mesoscale meteorological models such as MM5 will be available. The resolution of the grid will typically be on the order of 1 km, which is too large to capture microscale surface features. Mesoscale model results can be coupled with fine-scale models by enforcing conservation of mass to provide enhanced fine-scale detail. 

CFD-based models use high-resolution grids to develop a detailed representation of the wind field and are typically used to investigate wind fields within urban (obstacle-rich) environments. The models incorporate detailed representations of each obstacle in the environment and provide the only possible approach to the computation of flows deep within urban canyons (a capability not offered by mesoscale meteorological models). A recent field study of dispersion in New York City provided... 

Our studies show that the MM5/11P. C conjugation can provide useful prediction of airborne transport of hazardous materials near the surface. It also demonstrates that the accuracy of HPAC computation strongly depends on the performance of MM5. The forecast skill of mesoscale models is likely to be a function of weather scenarios and the terrain over which the models are being run. Because the numerical techniques are different and the model physics (e.g., PBL, surface, and moist processes) vary considerably among different mesoscale meteorological models, we anticipate that there would be discrepancies between the predictions of individual models. 

Pielke, R.A., 2001. Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling, 2nd ed.. Academic Press, New York. Pielke, R.A. and Pearce, R.P., 1994. Mesoscale Modeling of the Atmosphere, American Mete-... 

Daggupaty, S. M., Tangirala, R. S., andSahota, H. (1994). BLFMESO— A 3-dimensional mesoscale meteorological model for microcomputers, BoMwctary Layer Mefero/. 71, 81-107. 

Pielke, R. A. (2000). Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling, 2nd ed.. Academic Press, New York. 

FIGURE 10 Richardson number (defined as Ri in text) of the environment of observed and numerically simulated supercell and multicell thunderstorms. S1-S9 denote observed supercell storms M1-M9 denote observed multicell storms TR1-TR9 denote convective storms in tropical environments. [From Weisman, M. L., and Klemp, J. B. (1986). In Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting (R Ray, ed.), American Meteorological Society, Boston.]... 

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