World Meteorological Organization

T. E. Graedel, D. T. Hawkias, and L. D. CExton, Atmospheric Chemical Compounds Sources, Occurrence and Bioassay, Academic Press, New York, 1986. Atmospheric O ne 1985, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (3 vols.) an excellent compendium on tropospheric and stratospheric processes. 

Scientific Assessment of Ocyone Depletion 1991, Report No. 25, World Meteorological Organization, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva, 1991. 

Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ocyone 1989, United Nations Environment Program and World Meteorological Organization, New York, 1989. 

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). This panel gave its official report... 

Fig. 21-1, World network of radiosonde stations, Ten stations, one in the Atlanticand nine in the Pacific, are not shown. Each dot presents a station at which an upper-air sounding is made each day at 0000 hr GMT, at 1200 hr GMT, or both. Source the Secretary-General, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.

In previous lives, before his career as a restaurateur, Mr. Wong worked with Penthouse magazine, when it tried unsuccessfully to publish in China. Mr. Wong, who is Chinese-Malaysian, speaks Chinese. He has also worked at the United Nations with the World Meteorological Organization. He learned how to cook from his mother, who cooked for the workers at his father s lumberyard company on the east coast of Malaysia. 

Chavez, F. P Barber, R. T. International Conference on the TOGA Scientific Programme World Climate Research Publications Series No. 4 World Meteorological Organization Geneva, Switzerland, 1985 pp. 23-32. 

IPCC, 1995. IPCC Second Assessment Climate Change 1995, A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Meteorological Organization and UN Environment Programme. 

World Meteorological Organization, WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 10, Geneva, Switzerland 2014. 

Anon (2008). Measurement of sunshine duration. In "CIMO Guide". World Meteorological Organization, Chapter 8. 

FIGURE 12.12 Estimated global annual emissions of CFC-11 and CFC-12 (adapted from World Meteorological Organization, 1995). 

From World Meteorological Organization (1995) see 1999 document for update. 

In summary, the chemistry of the stratosphere and the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on it have a rich history, with new chemistry that continues to unfold. For reviews of various aspects of the chemistry and history, see Cicerone (1981, 1987), Rowland (1989, 1992,1993), Molina (1991), Rowland and Molina (1994), Toohey (1995), Brasseur et al. (1995), chapters by Li et al. (1995a), Anderson, and Sander et al. in the book edited by Barker (1995), chapters by Brune, Middle-brook and Tolbert, Wilson, and Brasseur et al. in the book edited by Macalady (1998), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 1995 and 1999 reports Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion. ... 

The contribution of individual compounds to ozone depletion is characterized by the ozone depletion potential (ODP). The ODP of a compound as normally defined is the ratio of the global loss of ozone (i.e., integrated over latitude, altitude, and time) from that compound at steady state per unit mass emitted relative to the loss of ozone due to emission of unit mass of a reference compound, usually taken as CFC-11 (CFC13) (Wuebbles, 1983 Fisher et al., 1990 Solomon et al., 1992). The ODP thus provides a relative measure of the overall impact of a compound on ozone destruction over the long term. Values for ODPs have been derived using a variety of models (e.g., see World Meteorological Organization, 1995, 1999). 

ODPs and the final, steady-state values can be used to assess the relative importance of various compounds to stratospheric ozone depletion on both short and long time scales. For a more detailed discussion of ODPs, see Ko et al. (1994a) and the World Meteorological Organization Report (1995, 1999). 

Figure 13.7 shows the effective total tropospheric concentration of chlorine from halocarbons from 1992 to 1996 (Montzka et al., 1996a). The concentration peaked in 1994 at 3.0 ppb, but when methyl chloride (CH-,C1) and other chlorinated organics are taken into account, the peak was likely 3.7 ppb. The total tropospheric chlorine concentration in mid-1995 decreased at a rate of approximately 25 ppt per year, in contrast to increases of 110 ppt per year in 1989 (Montzka et al., 1996a Cunnold et al., 1997). Bromine compounds show the same trend. As a result, the stratospheric levels of chlorine and bromine are expected to peak around the year 2000 (Montzka et al., 1996a World Meteorological Organization, 1995,1999). 

It is clear from the data presented in this chapter that the effects of control strategies developed for CFCs and halons are already measurable. Although loss of stratospheric ozone with accompanying increases in ultraviolet radiation in some locations have clearly occurred, the tropospheric concentrations of CFCs are not increasing nearly as fast as in the past. Indeed, the concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-113 appear to have peaked and have started to decline. The equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine concentrations are predicted to have peaked about 1997 and to return to levels found around 1980 at about the year 2050 (World Meteorological Organization, 1995). The significance of the 1980 level is that these levels resulted in detectable Antarctic ozone depletion. 

World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific Assessment of Global Depletion, Report No. 44, published February, 1999. 

Report of the International Ozone Trends Panel 1988 World Meteorological Organization Washington, DC, 1988 Report No. 18 Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. 

World Meteorological Organization (1992) Scientific assessment of ozone depletion 1991, Global ozone research and monitoring project. Rep. 25, Geneva, Switzerland. 

WMO (World Meteorological Organization), 1998 Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1998 Global Ozone Res. Monitor. Proj. Rep. xx, Ongoing activity, Geneva, Switzerland. 

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