Agricultural practices

A realistic assessment of biomass as an energy resource is made by calculating average surface areas needed to produce sufficient biomass at different aimual yields to meet certain percentages of fuel demand for a particular country (Table 2). These required areas are then compared with surface areas available. The conditions of biomass production and conversion used ia Table 2 are either within the range of 1993 technology and agricultural practice, or are beheved to be attainable ia the future. 

Climate and Environmental Factors. The biomass species selected for energy appHcations and the climate must be compatible to faciUtate operation of fuel farms. The three primary climatic parameters that have the most influence on the productivity of an iadigenous or transplanted species are iasolation, rainfall, and temperature. Natural fluctuations ia these factors remove them from human control, but the information compiled over the years ia meteorological records and from agricultural practice suppHes a valuable data bank from which to develop biomass energy appHcations. Ambient carbon dioxide concentration and the availabiHty of nutrients are also important factors ia biomass production. 

The methods, which allow in one procedure of analysis to overcome, for example, most pesticides which are used in agricultural practice in the present time, get development and introduction in practice. The contribution of the Ukrainian scientists in field of chromatographic analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs, chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCB s) and supertoxicants, such as PCDDs, is estimated. 

Triazole derivatives (diniconazole-M, epoxiconazole, fluhinconazole etc.) are widely used in agricultural practice as fungicides. The low application rates of these formulations require specific conditions for identification of residual quantities in different objects. 

Shifting cultivation, one of the first agricultural practices developed, is still widely used. In the early 1970s, about 36 million square kilometers of land were farmed under this system, producing food for about 250 million people. Each hectare (2.47 acres or... 

This IS also true for human hunter-gatherer societies. Without technology, people use about 1 calorie to gain 5 to 10 calories. The energy return increases to 20 calories through the use of shifting agricultural practices. 

Water losses from the soil represent the sum of downward movement of gravitational water and surface losses by evaporation. Man s activities, other than drainage procedures or long-term water use from pumps in industrial areas, do not usually influence the downward movement of water. On the other hand, agricultural practices have a great effect on surface evaporation losses. 

Particles are emitted Into the atmosphere from numerous natural and manmade sources and are also formed upon condensation of gases and vapors. Direct emissions of Suspended Particulate Natter (SPN) arise from a variety of human activities Including combustion. Industrial and agricultural practices the remainder Is formed from gas-particle conversions (chiefly from SOj oxidation to sulfuric acid as sulfate salts). Particles larger than about lOpm In diameter deposit In the vicinity of the sources, but smaller... 

Since 1945 the use of synthetic pesticides in the United States has grown 33-fold. The amounts of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides used have changed with time due, in large part, to changes in agricultural practices and cosmetic standards (14, 15). At the same time, the toxicity and biological effectiveness of these pesticides have increased at least 10-fold (15). For example, in 1945 DDT was applied at a rate of about 2 kg/ha. With the more potent insecticides available now, similar effective insect control is achieved with pyrethroids and aldicarb applied at 0.1 kg/ha and 0.05 kg/ha, respectively. 

Biological nitrogen fixation as a result of agricultural practices (e.g., planting clover so as to replenish nitrogen on farmlands). 

The results of this research study indicate that wheat tolerance for irrigation with saline water is affected by various real in-field conditions, including soil texture and structure, climate, irrigation water management and agricultural practices. 

Three out of nine groundwater samples extracted from Dobrich in northeastern Bulgaria contained endosulfan (isomers not specified) ranging from 0.020 to 0.025 pg/L in March 1996 (Pulido-Bosch et al. 1999). The suspected source of this pollution was from agricultural practices in the region. 

These annexes set out the requirements for the dossier to be submitted by applicants either for inclusion of an a.i. in Annex I or for authorization of a plant protection product. Active ingredients are listed in Annex I if their use and their residues, resulting from applications consistent with good plant protection practice [or Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)] do not have harmful effects on human and animal health, or on ground water or any unacceptable influence on the environment (Article 5 of the Directive). 

However, there is no general requirement that enforcement methods need to monitor all metabolites of an active ingredient. The primary purpose of enforcement methods is to detect violations of good agricultural practice. For this purpose, residue levels found in samples from the market (so-called Market Basket Surveys) have to be compared with MRLs, which are derived from residue concentrations found in supervised trials. It is not necessary for this comparison to be based on the total pesticide residue. Most often the choice of a single compound (e.g., parent or primary metabolite) as a marker of the total pesticide residue is more feasible. Method development and the later method application are much easier in that case. Only for intake calculation purposes, e.g., when the daily intake of pesticide residues (calculated from the results... 

---