Lubricating oils and greases

Petroleum (qv) products dominate lubricant production with a 98% share of the market for lubricating oils and greases. While lower cost leads to first consideration of these petroleum lubricants, production of various synthetic lubricants covered later has been expanding to take advantage of special properties such as stability at extreme temperatures, chemical inertness, fire resistance, low toxicity, and environmental compatibility. 

In the other market areas, lead naphthenates are used on a limited basis in extreme pressure additives for lubricating oils and greases. Sodium and potassium naphthenates are used in emulsiftable oils, where they have the advantage over fatty acid soaps of having improved disinfectant properties. Catalyst uses include cobalt naphthenate as a cross-linking catalyst in adhesives (52) and manganese naphthenate as an oxidation catalyst (35). Metal naphthenates are also being used in the hydroconversion of heavy petroleum fractions (53,54) and bitumens (55). 

Solvent Deasphalting This is the solvent extraction of virgin residuum to remove asphaltenes or other tarry constituents. The deasphalted oil may be further processed into lubricating oils and greases, or used as cat cracking feed. 

Asphalt felts and coatings 2992 Lubricating oils and greases... 

Metal deactivation, in antidegradant selection, 22 787 Metal deactivators antioxidants, 3 115 in gasoline, 22 407 for lubricating oil and grease, 15 221 Metaldehyde, 2 103... 

Oxidation inhibitors, for lubricating oil and grease, 75 219-221 Oxidation number system, 7 7 392 Oxidation potential, of fluorine, 77 828 Oxidation process(es), 9 275. See also Dye oxidation advanced, 77 803... 

Uses Dielectric liquids in fixed paper capacitors heat-transfer liquid widely used in transformers and utility transmission lines swelling agents for transmission seals ingredient in lubricants, oils, and greases plasticizers for cellulose products, vinyl, and chlorinated rubbers in polyvinyl acetate to improve fiber-tear properties. In fluorescent and high-intensity discharge ballasts manufactured prior to 1979 (U.S. EPA, 1998) and in electric motors (Monsanto, 1960). 

Selenium dioxide (SeO ) is used as an oxidizing agent, as a catalyst, and as an antioxidant for lubricating oils and grease. 

Lubricants. Tellurides of titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, tungsten, and other refractory metals are heat- and vacuum-stable. This property makes them useful in solid self-lubricating composites in the electronics, instrumentation, and aerospace fields (see Lubrication and lubricants). Organic tellurides are antioxidants in lubricating oils and greases. 

Halogenated compounds Fluochloro hydrocarbons with 5 to 50 C atoms chlorinated hydrocarbons Vegetable oils waxes, mineral oils plus their sulfated derivatives (including those of animal oils and fats) Lubrication-oil and grease distillation vegetable-protein glues... 

One important factor in those early days may well have been the fact that designers were used to dealing with lubricating oils and greases which gave very... 

Polyphosphates derived from 4,4 -dihydric phenols or 4,4 -isopropylidenebis-phenol, bis(2,6-dibromophenol) and having an active moiety like 154 impart flame retardant properties [ W]. Thermostable polyesters were prepared by addition of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)phosphate prior to the final step of the polycondensation of ethylene glycol with dimethyl terephthalate [205]. Zinc salt of polydithiophosphate obtained by reaction of phosphorus pentasulfide with 4-substituted anisole was tested as AO in lubricating oils and greases. 

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