Oils and lubricants

Satriana, M.J. (1982), Synthetic oils and lubricant additives (advances since 1970) . Chemical Technology Review No. 207, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ. 

Low Temperature Carbonization. Low temperature carbonization, when the process does not exceed 700°C, was mainly developed as a process to supply town gas for lighting purposes as well as to provide a smokeless (devolatilized) soHd fuel for domestic consumption (30). However, the process by-products (tars) were also found to be valuable insofar as they served as feedstocks (qv) for an emerging chemical industry and were also converted to gasolines, heating oils, and lubricants (see Gasoline and OTHER motor fuels Lubrication and lubricants) (31). 

For petroleum crude oil and lubricating oils the range is from 250 to 1250 hhl/(ha year) with a value of 400 hhl/(ha year) being typical. A typical value for general refinery oils and wastes would he about 150 hhl/(ha year). 

Heavier Fuel Oils and Lubricating Oils Low volatility distillates, e.g., motor oil. Asphalts and Tars Lowest volatility and generally a smelly, sticky mess filled with impurities. 

Some details of typical compositioni, where these are available, are iven in Petroleum. Oils and Lubricants (POL) and Allied Products. Defence Guide DG-12, Section IV, Ministry of Defence. H.M.S.O., London (1968). ... 

User maintenance includes operation where not automatic, cleaning of filters and strainers, attention to oil and lubricant levels, belt tensioning, general cleaning, running standby equipment, and verification of control operation. 

Crude petroleum is refined to produce a variety of useful products. Shown are motor oil and lubricant jelly. 

Soxtherm can be used for a variety of substrates, such as plasticisers, and additives in plastics and rubber, fibre and textile coatings, colorants on textiles, fat in food, oils and lubricants, fertiliser coatings, etc. Specific reports are scarce. EPA method 3541 has adopted automated Soxhlet extraction [151]. 

Apart from being used as bio-diesel , fatty acid esters, which are obtained from fatty acids and alcohols, are becoming increasingly interesting as biodegradable replacements for mineral oils. In some application areas such as chain-saw oil, gearbox oils, hydraulic oils and lubricants for crude oil production these oleochemical products have already proved themselves. 

Uses Manufacture of triethylenemelamine and other amines fuel oil and lubricant refining ion exchange protective coatings adhesives pharmaceuticals polymer stabilizers surfactants. 

Gasoline, fuel oils, and lubricating oils are three major pollutants among the petroleum family members, and are therefore introduced in more detail. 

The term microcrystalline wax is commonly used to describe wax which is either mal-shaped or needlelike. This wax typically contains molecules >30 carbons in length. This wax can be present in various high-boiling-point fractions such as residual fuel oil and lubricant fractions. 

Analytical techniques to evaluate potential lubricating oil stocks are essential to a refiner s planning program. When sulfuric acid was the sole chemical used to refine burning oils and lubricants, it was a simple matter to carry out acid-treating experiments on a small scale in the laboratory, and results so obtained were quite reliable. With the advent of solvent treating, analytical techniques were developed which consisted of single or multiple-batch laboratory extractions in conjunction with correlations based on plant experience (17). 

The first alkyl aryl sulfonates produced in this country were those which resulted from the sulfuric acid refinement of kerosene, gas oil, and lubricating oils and were initially... 

Characterization of Homogeneous Mixtures of Hydrocarbons. In the higher boiling fractions of petroleum, such as the gas oil and lubricant portions, the isolation... 

Aziridine is an intermediate and monomer in the preparation of cationic polymers, such as polyaziridine (polyethyleneimine). These polymers are used to improve wet strength of paper, in fuel-oil and lubricant refining, as flocculating agents and in protective coatings, in textile finishing and for adhesives, polymer stabilizers, and surfactants (Lewis, 1993 Scherr et al., 1995). 

For gel processing, the components, UHMWPE, optionally filler, processing oil, and lubricant are mixed. The components are preferably mixed in a continuous fashion, e.g., in a twin-screw extruder or a Brabender extruder, or a screw extruder with a blown film die. After mixing, the mixture is shaped. Shaping will depend upon the... 

After extraction, these sheets may have about 10-20% of residual oil. It is impossible to remove all of the processing oil and lubricant from any of the mixtures, so at least a trace amount will remain in the final sheets. In formulations without fillers, the extruded sheets are preferably subjected to an extraction step. After extraction, these sheets may have only residual amounts of oil and lubricant. 

In situ soil vapor extrachon (VOCs, PAHs, gasoline, oil, and lubricants)... 

Oils and lubricants Mineral and synthetic oils, greases, coolants, hydraulic fluids Blending analysis Additive chemistry Oil degradation monitoring... 

Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) is a chemically inert polymer used to create nonstick frying pans. Polytetrafluoroethylene can be modified to form a coating, Gore-Tex, which allows the passage of water vapor, but not liquid water, and is used in many articles of clothing. Polymeric perfluorinated ethers are widely used as high performance oils and lubricants. 

PMS liquids have mediocre lubricating capacities for steel-on-steel friction, although some combinations of friction couples, e.g. bronze-on-steel, brass-on-plastic, perform satisfactorily if lubricated hydrodynamically with PMS liquids. The use of PMS as liquid media in oils and lubricants compounded with various antiwear additives and dispersions, creates favourable conditions for selective adsorption of additives on friction surfaces and helps to form an antiwear film which greatly increases the pressures and slip velocities. 

These liquids are semiproducts used to prepare oligoethylsiloxanes of various viscosity (by fraction distillation and completion). Oligoethylsiloxane combine nicely with organic oils and are also used to prepare heat resistant oils and lubricants. 

Oligoethylsiloxanes and products based on them are as a rule transparent colourless nontoxic liquids. They can be used at operating temperatures ranging from -60-70° C to +180° C. The applications of these liquids are quite varied. They are used as coolants and heat carriers in hydraulic systems, as liquids for diffusion pumps, damping liquids and bodies for instrument oils and lubricants. 

Industry manufactures a large range of oligodiethylsiloxanes. They can be easily dissolved in common organic solvents and, unlike other oligoor-ganosiloxanes, can be fully combined with mineral oils, which accounts for their use as bodies for oils and lubricants. 

Liquids FM-5, FM-6, FM-5,6 AP are used as dispersion media in low-temperature oils and lubricants cooling heat carriers. They are also used in light-loaded high-speed ball bearings in freon refrigerating systems. 

Depending on their chemical composition, molecular structure and molecular weight, silicone compounds are used as liquids, oils and lubricants of various consistency, as elastomers (for sealants, compounds and rubbers), as well as polymers for varnishes, plastic laminates and films. 

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