Lubricating oils plastics

The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, coplanar biphenyls) have been used in a large variety of applications as dielectric and heat transfer fluids, lubricating oils, plasticizers, wax extenders, and flame retardants. Their industrial use and manufacture in the USA were terminated by 1977. Unfortunately, PCBs persist in the environment. The products used commercially were actually mixtures of PCB isomers and homologs containing 12-68% chlorine. These chemicals are highly stable and highly lipophilic, poorly metabolized, and very resistant to environmental degradation they bioaccumulate in food chains. Food is the major source of PCB residues in humans. 

Research on soybean oil and tallow is directed toward the manufacture of materials which will find application in lubricating oils, plasticizers, surface coatings, and cosmetics. Genetic engineering techniques are being used for tailored cleavage of oils and fats. In conjunction with various chemical catalytic systems, it is planned to produce novel materials of higher market value. 

White crystals m.p. 162-164 C. ll can be prepared by the fermentation of sugar with the mould Aspergillus lerreus or by healing citra-conic anhydride with water at ISO C. Electrolysis of the potassium salt in solution gives allene. Itaconic acid is used as a comonomer in plastics its esters are polymerized to lubricating oils and plasticizers. 

Organophosphorus Derivatives. Neopentyl glycol treated with pyridine and phosphorus trichloride in anhydrous dioxane yields the cycHc hydrogen phosphite, 5,5-dimethyl-l,3-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide (2) (32,33). Compounds of this type maybe useful as flameproofing plasticizers, stabilizers, synthetic lubricants, oil additives, pesticides, or intermediates for the preparation of other organophosphoms compounds (see Flame retardants Phosphorus compounds). 

The uniqueness of methyl methacrylate as a plastic component accounts for its industrial use in this capacity, and it far exceeds the combined volume of all of the other methacrylates. In addition to plastics, the various methacrylate polymers also find appHcation in sizable markets as diverse as lubricating oil additives, surface coatings (qv), impregnates, adhesives (qv), binders, sealers (see Sealants), and floor poHshes. It is impossible to segregate the total methacrylate polymer market because many of the polymers produced are copolymers with acrylates and other monomers. The total 1991 production capacity of methyl methacrylate in the United States was estimated at 585,000 t/yr. The worldwide production in 1991 was estimated at about 1,785,000 t/yr (3). 

The phosphonate esters, HP(=0(OR)2, of alkylated phenols are used extensively as lubricating-oil additives to control bearing corrosion and oxidation, and to impart antimst properties as stabilizers, as antioxidants (qv) and flame retardants in plastics, as specialty solvents, and as intermediates (see Corrosion AND corrosion control Heat stabilizers). 

Oxidized castor oils are excellent nonmigrating, nonvolatile plasticizers (qv) for ceUulosic resins, poly(vinyl butyral), polyamides, shellac, and natural and synthetic mbber (see Rubber, natural). The high viscosity products are also used as tackifiers in gasket compounds and adhesives (qv) because of good oil and solvent resistance. They also serve as excellent pigment grinding media and as a base for inks (qv), lubricating oils, and hydrauHc oils (62). 

Hydrogen is a primary chemical feedstock in the production of gasoline, fuel oils, lubricants, fertilizers, plastics, paints, detergents, electronics and pharmaceutical products. It is also an excellent metallurgical refining agent and an important food preservative. 

Antioxidants are used as additives in plastics, rubber, gasoline, lubricating oils, and food products. See autoxidation. 

Primary organics are emitted to the atmosphere by industrial sources (oil refineries, chemical plants, producers and users of solvents and plasticizers), vehicles (as a result of incomplete fuel combustion, oxygenated degradation products of lubricating oil, polymers from tires), and agricultural activities (use of pesticides). An exhaustive literature survey is beyond the scope of this section, but can be found in Air Quaiity Criteria for Particulate Matter many useful references are also available. 

Uses Dielectric liquids in fixed paper capacitors heat-transfer liquid widely used in transformers and utility transmission lines swelling agents for transmission seals ingredient in lubricants, oils, and greases plasticizers for cellulose products, vinyl, and chlorinated rubbers in polyvinyl acetate to improve fiber-tear properties. In fluorescent and high-intensity discharge ballasts manufactured prior to 1979 (U.S. EPA, 1998) and in electric motors (Monsanto, 1960). 

Common solvent in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries used in the production of lubricating oils and as intermediary in the manufacture of chloroform and in the manufacture of plastics, paints, varnishes and cosmetics. 

Uses. Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, rubber, plastics in the production of lubricating oils in the dyeing and celluloid industries as a chemical intermediate paint and varnish remover major component of nail polish remover... 

Some derivatives of 1,2,3-trithiolane have been used as starting materials for sulfur-containing polymers <84MI 4l5-0l>. Industrial applications for 1,2,3-trithiolane derivatives include their use as high-pressure lubricant oil additives <88EGP258606>, plasticizers and antioxidants <89EGP263770>. 

Gelatinous Nitrate Containing Polyisobuty lene-Gelled Naphthene Base. Increased plasticity of dynamite-type expls is achieved by adding 1—10% of a gel based upon naphthene oil 95 and polyisoburylene 5 parts. Lubricating oil, heat-exchange oil or petrolatum. may be substituted for the naphthene Ref J.M. Downard, USP 2537039(1951) CA 45, 2670(1951)... 

Originally a mixture of 88% cyclonite with 12% lubricating oil was employed. This mass however was not sufficiently plastic and lost its plasticity readily by exuding the oil at a high temperature. It was therefore replaced by a mixture named Composition C-3 of 77% cyclonite and 23% gel made out of liquid nitro compounds (e.g. liquid DNT) and nitrocellulose or of butyl phthalate and nitrocellulose. 

As discussed above, hydrocarbons (oil and gas) are used primarily as fuels to generate energy and for space heating. Refined petroleum products provide gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, lubricating oil, waxes, and asphalt. A relatively small (4%) portion of oil is used as raw material to produce chemical products essential to our everyday life ranging from plastics to textiles to pharmaceuticals, and so on. 

Chlorparaffins. These are produced hy ihe random chlorination or various mixed Inng-chain paraffins. They are used as secondary plasticizers lor polyvinyl chloride, lubricating oil additives, resinous materials for coalings, and in llatiie-relardanls. 

Solvent for fats, waxes, gums, and resins pharmaceutical salves and lotions lubricaling-oil additives detergents and emulsifiers textile antistatic and finishing agents plasticizers nonionic surfactants and cosmetics. See also Detergents and Plasticizers. 

Copper/Constantan 400-62QK tol = 0.0041 T-2731K 1073 5566 10741 food processing, stack gases, plastic moulding, lubricating oils, producer gas plants. 

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