Lubricating oils and lubricants

Viscosity is the second most important physical parameter for crude oil. It characterizes not only one of the physical properties, but also the quality of most crude oil products such as lubricating oils and lubricants. 

White crystals m.p. 162-164 C. ll can be prepared by the fermentation of sugar with the mould Aspergillus lerreus or by healing citra-conic anhydride with water at ISO C. Electrolysis of the potassium salt in solution gives allene. Itaconic acid is used as a comonomer in plastics its esters are polymerized to lubricating oils and plasticizers. 

Although distillation and elemental analysis of the fractions provide a good evaluation of the qualities of a crude oil, they are nevertheless insufficient. Indeed, the numerous uses of petroleum demand a detailed molecular analysis. This is true for all distillation fractions, certain crude oils being valued essentially for their light fractions used in motor fuels, others because they make quality lubricating oils and still others because they make excellent base stocks for paving asphalt. 

Characteristics of Lubricants, Industrial Oils and Related Products... 

The ISO 8681 standard, which treats all the petroleum products, groups lubricants, industrial oils and related products in the L Class. The international standard ISO 6743/0, accepted as the French standard NF T 60-162, subdivides the L Class into 18 families or categories. 

Classification of lubricants, industrial oils and related products. 

There are two categories of white oils technical white oils and medicinal white oils. The technical white oils, which are already highly dearomatized, are used for specialized lubricants, particularly in the textile industry, and also as components in cosmetics, as plasticizers in the rubber or plastics industries, or as emulsion bases for certain pulverized agriculture products. The medicinal white oils, whose dearomatization is pushed further still, are used in pharmaceuticals, or in the food industry, wherever residual oils might be in contact with food. 

The presence of these acids in crude oils and petroleum cuts causes problems for the refiner because they form stable emulsions with caustic solutions during desalting or in lubricating oil production very corrosive at high temperatures (350-400°C), they attack ordinary carbon steel, which necessitates the use of alloy piping materials. 

In the particular framework for lubricating oil bases, the operation takes place batchwise, generally using distillates selected according to the desired base, so as to minimize by-products and to maximize lubricating oils and their qualities. 

Montagne, X., D. Merrier and J.-C. Guibet (1987), "Fouling of automotive diesel injectors. Test procedure, influence of composition of diesel oil and additives". SAE paper No. 87-2118, International fuels and lubricants meeting, Toronto, Ontario. 

Satriana, M.J. (1982), Synthetic oils and lubricant additives (advances since 1970) . Chemical Technology Review No. 207, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ. 

CEC Coordinating European Council for the Development of Performance Tests for Lubricating Oils and Motor Fuels i... 

The silicone oils and silicone resins find application as (i) lubricants (their change of viscosity with temperature is small), (ii) hydraulic fluids (they are unusually compressible), (iii) dielectric fluids, (iv) for the pro duction of water-repellant surfaces, and (v) in the electrical industry (because of their high insulating properties). 

Low Temperature Carbonization. Low temperature carbonization, when the process does not exceed 700°C, was mainly developed as a process to supply town gas for lighting purposes as well as to provide a smokeless (devolatilized) soHd fuel for domestic consumption (30). However, the process by-products (tars) were also found to be valuable insofar as they served as feedstocks (qv) for an emerging chemical industry and were also converted to gasolines, heating oils, and lubricants (see Gasoline and OTHER motor fuels Lubrication and lubricants) (31). 

Alkylated aromatics have excellent low temperature fluidity and low pour points. The viscosity indexes are lower than most mineral oils. These materials are less volatile than comparably viscous mineral oils, and more stable to high temperatures, hydrolysis, and nuclear radiation. Oxidation stabihty depends strongly on the stmcture of the alkyl groups (10). However it is difficult to incorporate inhibitors and the lubrication properties of specific stmctures maybe poor. The alkylated aromatics also are compatible with mineral oils and systems designed for mineral oils (see Benzene Toulene Xylenes and ethylbenzene). ... 

Olefin oligomers are used widely as automotive lubricants. They often are combiaed with some of the organic esters as base fluids ia engine oils, gear oils, and hydrauHc fluids, eg, for equipment intended for operation ia extremely cold climates, and for premium oils, eg, for the service station market ia temperate climates. 

Lubricating oils are also used in industrial and process appHcations such as hydrauhc and turbine oils, machine oil and grease, marine and railroad diesel, and metalworking oils. Process oils are used in the manufacture of mbber, textiles, leather, and electrical goods. The distribution of lube oils used in these apphcations in 1992 is as follows automotive, 45711 industrial, 2229 t and process, 1070 t (- SIS, 000 gal) (11). 

Edible Oils and Fats. lecithin (0.01—2%) is used as an emulsifier, wetting agent, and antioxidant it extends shelf hfe, especially of animal fats iacreases lubricity (shortening value) improves stabiUty of compouad shortenings and lowers cloud poiat of vegetable oils. 

The goal of lubrication is elimination of this wear and minimizing friction otherwise encountered in dry sliding. This is accompHshed ideally with complete separation of the mbbing surfaces with a full film of lubricant. When complete hill-film separation is impossible, surface chemical effects of a lubricating oil and its additives, or solid-film lubricants such as graphite and molybdenum sulfide, can assist. 

Petroleum (qv) products dominate lubricant production with a 98% share of the market for lubricating oils and greases. While lower cost leads to first consideration of these petroleum lubricants, production of various synthetic lubricants covered later has been expanding to take advantage of special properties such as stability at extreme temperatures, chemical inertness, fire resistance, low toxicity, and environmental compatibility. 

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