Vegetable oils lubricity

The earliest piston engines used either mineral or vegetable oil lubricants and in many cases it is now difficult to find out which was preferred. By 1919 the situation had generally stabilised castor oil was always used for rotary engines but mineral oil was widely used in other engines while some engines could use either [4]. 

Emerlube . [Henkel/Emery] Ethoxy-lated vegetable oil lubricant for polypropylene yams, carpet backings. 

Sterotex . [Karlshamns] Hydrogenated vegetable oils lubricants, binders for pharmaceutical tabledng, pressed powders. 

Se concentrations in municipal effluents vary widely, from 1.0 to over l(X)0/rg/l (Capon, 1991 Kapoor et al, 1995 Adriano, 2001). Extensive use of Se is found in the electronics industries for the manufacture of photocells, rectifiers, photometers, and xerographic equipment. It is used as a pigment in the glass industry, as a sulfur supplement in the rubber industry, as a pigment in plastic and ceramics, and for coating stainless steel and copper. Selenium is an antioxidant found sometimes in mineral and vegetable oils, lubricants and inks and is used in the manufacture of dandruff shampoo (Adriano, 2001). 

Octyidodecyl stearoyl stearate PEG-8 cocoate PEG-20 hydrogenated castor oil PEG-60 hydrogenated tallowate PEG-12 ricinoleate PPG-2 myristyl ether propionate Xanthan gum lubricant, engine fuels Castor (Ricinus communis) oil lubricant, engine lubricants Vegetable oil lubricant, engine oils... 

Trifluoropropylmethylsiloxane/dimethylslloxa ne copolymer Vegetable oil lubricant, hair care... 

PEG-23M PEG-45M PEG-2 oleate PEG-4 stearate PEG-8 stearate PEG-12 stearate Poloxamer 182 Poloxamer 185 Poloxamer 188 Poloxamer 231 Poloxamer 234 Poloxamer 235 Poloxamer 238 Poloxamer 282 Poloxamer 288 Poloxamer 331 Poloxamer 333 Poloxamer 334 Poloxamer 335 Poloxamer 338 Poloxamer 401 Poloxamer 402 Poloxamer 403 Polysorbate 61 Propylene glycol laurate Propylene glycol myristate Synthetic wax Vegetable oil lubricant, paints/coatings Graphite lubricant, paper... 

Behenamide Erucamide Erucyl stearamide Ethylene distearamide Lauroyl sarcosine lubricant, pharmaceutical capsules Sodium stearyl fumarate lubricant, pharmaceutical coatings Hydrogenated coconut oil lubricant, pharmaceutical dermatologicals Shea butter (Butyrospermum parkii) lubricant, pharmaceutical tableting Hydrogenated vegetable oil lubricant, pharmaceutical tablets Potassium benzoate Sodium benzoate Sodium stearyl fumarate Stearic acid Sucrose oleate... 

Stearyl/aminopropyl methicone copolymer Tridecyl stearate Trihydroxystearin Trimethylolpropane trioleate Trioctyl phosphate Vegetable oil lubricant, plastics food-packaging adhesives Magnesium palmitate lubricant, polishes... 

Stearamine oxide Stearyl/aminopropyl methicone copolymer Stearyl stearate Sulfated butyl tallate Sulfated rapeseed oil Sulfated tall oil, potassium salt Sulfated tall oil, sodium salt TEA-phosphate Tetrahydroxypropyl ethylenediamine Trimethylolpropane trioleate Trimethylolpropane tripelargonate Trioctyl phosphate Triolein Tristearin Vegetable oil lubricant, thermoplastics Ethylenediamine Sodium stearate lubricant, thermosets Glyceryl montanate lubricant, thickening Aluminum tristearate lubricant, thixotropic paints Xanthan gum lubricant, thread... 

This study examines the effects of thermal and oxidative stressing on the stability of several vegetable oil lubricants. By modifying a technique originally developed for thermal stressing of fuels [16], the oils in this study were thermally and oxidatively stressed, and the amounts of carbon residue deposited on a stainless steel metal coupon (SS 304) were measured. 

In this study, the solid carbon deposit morphology observed was different for different vegetable oil lubricants, depending on their chemical composition. The stressing... 

With the beginning of the industrial revolution around 1800, oil became increasingly important for lubrication and better illumination. Expensive vegetable oils were replaced by sperm whale oil [8002-24-2], which soon became scarce and its price skyrocketed. In 1850 lubrication oil was extracted from coal and oil shale (qv) in England, and ultimately about 130 plants in Great Britain and 64 plants in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky employed this process. 

Edible Oils and Fats. lecithin (0.01—2%) is used as an emulsifier, wetting agent, and antioxidant it extends shelf hfe, especially of animal fats iacreases lubricity (shortening value) improves stabiUty of compouad shortenings and lowers cloud poiat of vegetable oils. 

To overcome these difficulties, drilling fluids are treated with a variety of mud lubricants available from various suppHers. They are mostly general-purpose, low toxicity, nonfluorescent types that are blends of several anionic or nonionic surfactants and products such as glycols and glycerols, fatty acid esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, and vegetable oil derivatives. Extreme pressure lubricants containing sulfurized or sulfonated derivatives of natural fatty acid products or petroleum-base hydrocarbons can be quite toxic to marine life and are rarely used for environmental reasons. Diesel and mineral oils were once used as lubricants at levels of 3 to 10 vol % but this practice has been curtailed significantly for environmental reasons. 

Chemical modification of the wax can improve smear resistance (5). Sihcones, which do not harm furniture finishes (6), are incorporated as film-forming ingredients in furniture pohshes. The lubricant properties of sihcones improve ease of apphcation of the pohsh and removal of insoluble soil particles. In addition, sihcones make dry films easier to buff and more water-repeUent, and provide depth of gloss, ie, abihty to reflect a coherent image as a result of a high refractive index (7). Wax-free pohshes, which have sihcones as the only film former, can be formulated to dehver smear resistance (8). Another type of film former commonly used in oil-base furniture pohshes is a mineral or vegetable oil, eg, linseed oil. 

The mechanisms for the reaction of sulfur with alkanes and unsaturated compounds are highly speculative, being strongly influenced by the specific stmcture of the substrate and by the conditions (particularly temperature) of reaction. Alkane (4), olefin (5), animal fat (6), and vegetable oil (7) sulfurization have been extensively studied because these reactions are models for vulcanization. Moreover, the products are used as lubricant additives. 

Sorbitan oleate and the monolaurate are pale yeUow Hquids. Palmitates and stearates are light tan soHds. Sorbitan esters are not soluble in water but dissolve in a wide range of mineral and vegetable oils. They are lipophilic emulsifiers, solubiHzers, softeners, and fiber lubricants that find appHcation in synthetic fiber manufacture, textile processing, and cosmetic products. Sorbitan esters have been approved for human ingestion and are widely used as emulsifiers and solubiHzers in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. 

Lubricants are not generally regarded as being corrosive, and in order to appreciate how corrosion can occur in lubricant systems it is necessary to understand something of the nature of lubricants. Once, lubricants were almost exclusively animal or vegetable oils or fats, but modern requirements in the way of volume and special properties have made petroleum the main source of supply. In volume, lubricants now represent about 2% of all petroleum products in value, considerably more. 

Natural fatty aeid-based lubricants fall between mineral oil and the synthetic acid diester lubricants in both performance and price (Figure 6.8) as such they find niche applications. Compared to mineral oils vegetable oil-based lubricants offer several advantages, notably ... 

Working with an established Tier 1 supplier Houghton International, Ford selected a two-phase metalworking lubricant/coolant based on vegetable oil. In trials at the Dagenham Engine Plant Ford foimd many benefits ... 

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable natural resources such as soybean and rapeseed and consists of alkyl esters derived from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. In spite of all the advantages of biodiesel, such as low emissiotts, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and lubricity, the major hurdle in penetration of biodiesel is its high cost because of the expensive food grade refined vegetable oil feedstock. 

The most effective lubricants are the hydrophobic stearates, such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, and stearic acid. Magnesium stearate is the most widely used lubricant [117,118]. Lubricants proposed as being less hydrophobic such as hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols, and sodium stearyl fumarate are less effective in this application [118]. 

Oleaginous bases consist of vegetable oil thickened with agents such as aluminum monostearate, colloidal silica, and xanthan gums. The lubricant properties of the oil make these formulations less adhesive than water bases. 

Fatty Acid Esters and Fatty Alcohols Fatty acid esters are obtained by transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oils) or by esterification of fatty acid with alcohol or polyols. Fatty alcohols are obtained by hydrogenation of esters on metal catalysts. Fatty acid esters and fatty alcohols are useful platform molecules to prepare surfactants, emulsifier, lubricants and polymers. 

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