Blending, lubricating oil

All the samples were tested by isothermal gravimetry in air in order to assess whether the evaporation losses of the additive-treated lubricants could be calculated from the losses of the basic components (Table 4-169). Samples FVAl, FVA2, and FVA3 reach a final value after only 30 minutes test time the others did not reach this stage, even after 90 minutes. Theoretical evaporation losses were calculated for the additive-treated lubrication oils using the data from the basic compounds (Table 4-170). Comparison between Table 4-168 and Table 4-170 shows that the components of a blended lubrication oil influence one another in such a manner that precise prediction is impossible, and only approximate values of their evaporation losses can be given. 

Low temperature filtration (qv) is a common final refining step to remove paraffin wax in order to lower the pour point of the oil (14). As an alternative to traditional filtration aided by a propane or methyl ethyl ketone solvent, catalytic hydrodewaxing cracks the wax molecules which are then removed as lower boiling products. Finished lubricating oils are then made by blending these refined stocks to the desired viscosity, followed by introducing additives needed to provide the required performance. Table 3 Usts properties of typical commercial petroleum oils. Methods for measuring these properties are available from the ASTM (10). 

The fourth basic category is blending of the finished cuts into commercially saleable products such as motor gasoline, kerosene, lubricating oils, and bunker fuel oil, according to their specifications. 

The smearing types of material are usually lubricating grease compositions, i.e. blends of soaps and lubricating oil, biit may be mixtures containing petrolatum, oil, lanolin or fatty material. They are softer than the hot-dip materials to pOrmit cold application by smearing. 

Leaked and spent lubricating oil Machining Shipped to fuels blending program 8540 5980... 

No unnecessary separations should be made. In a refinery no attempt is made to separate the streams into their individual compounds. Instead, several streams each containing a number of compounds are produced. These are blended together to produce a desirable product. If instead a complete separation of compounds had been made followed by a recombination of them to produce gasoline, fuel oil, aviation fuel, lubricating oils, and so forth, the cost of the end products would be... 

The equation uses molar mass and specific temperature as the input parameters and offers a means of estimation of the viscosity of a wide range of petroleum fractions. Other work has focused on the prediction of the viscosity of blends of lubricating oils as a means of accurately predicting the viscosity of the blend from the viscosities of the base oil components (Al-Besharah et al., 1989). 

The lubrication system is extremely complex. The mechanism of lubrication is partly dictated by the nature of interactions between the lubricant and the solid surface. Additives blended into lubricating oil formulations either adsorb onto the sliding surfaces, eg., fatty alcohols, fatty amines, amides, phosphoric acid esters (friction modifiers), or react with the surface, eg., ZDDP, MoDTC, MoDDP organic phosphates (extreme pressure). Some interactions affecting the surfaces of metals include adsorption, chemisorption, and tribochemical reactions-these form new compounds on the surface and lubrication by reaction products (Bhushan and Gupta, 1991 Briscoe et al., 1973 Briscoe and Evens, 1982 Heinicke, 1984 Hsu and Klaus, 1978 and 1979 Klaus and Tewksbury, 1987 Lansdown, 1990 Liston, 1993 McFadden et al., 1998 Studt, 1989). 

Blends of ethanol with diesel are a valuable car fuel too. The formation of NO is drastically reduced even by small amounts of ethanol. In addition, the temperatures of the exhaust gas and lubricating oil are lower, while the engine can be started normally both hot and cold. 

The fractions obtained by vacuum distillation of the reduced crude (atmospheric residuum) from an atmospheric distillation unit depend on whether or not the unit is designed to produce lubricating or vacuum gas oils. In the former case, the fractions include (1) heavy gas oil, which is an overhead product and is used as catalytic cracking stock or, after suitable treatment, a light lubricating oil (2) lubricating oil (usually three fractions—light, intermediate, and heavy), which is obtained as a side-stream product and (3) asphalt (or residuum), which is the nonvolatile product and may be used directly as, or to produce, asphalt, and which may also be blended with gas oils to produce a heavy fuel oil. 

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