Blood lipids

Table 2 Summary of investigations into the effeet of soya or linseed on blood lipid levels in men and women...

Thus, it is apparent that soya, some soya products and linseed oil influence blood lipid levels, particularly cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. While the extent of the reduction appears to largely depend on an individual s initial serum cholesterol level, the maximum reductions observed are of the order of 10-15%. For hyperlipidemic individuals this may not be a marked reduction, but such an effect on the general population may well have a beneficial effect on the overall incidence of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The possibility that non-phytoestrogenic dietary components may contribute to the hypocholes-terolemic properties cannot, however, be discounted. Indeed, certain types of dietary fibre have been shown to have a hypolipidemic effect via their ability to increase faecal excretion rates. 

Insulin resistance occurs when the normal response to a given amount of insulin is reduced. Resistance of liver to the effects of insulin results in inadequate suppression of hepatic glucose production insulin resistance of skeletal muscle reduces the amount of glucose taken out of the circulation into skeletal muscle for storage and insulin resistance of adipose tissue results in impaired suppression of lipolysis and increased levels of free fatty acids. Therefore, insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including elevated blood glucose levels, abnormal blood lipid profile (dyslipidemia), hypertension, and increased expression of inflammatory markers (inflammation). Insulin resistance and this cluster of metabolic abnormalities is strongly associated with obesity, predominantly abdominal (visceral) obesity, and physical inactivity and increased risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease, as well as some forms of cancer. In addition to obesity, other situations in which insulin resistance occurs includes... 

The mechanism by which niacin (nicotinic acid) lowers blood lipids is not fully understood. 

Sometimes a paradoxical elevation of blood lipid levels occurs Should this happen, the primary health care provider is notified because the primary health care provider may prescribe a different antihyperiipidemic drug. 

The expected outcomes for die patient may include a dierapeutic response to dierapy (lowered blood lipid levels), management of common adverse drug reactions, and an understanding of die dietary measures necessary to reduce lipid and lipoprotein levels. 

POTTER S M, BAUM J A, TENG H, STILLMAN R J, SHAY N F, ERDMAN J W Jr. (1998) Soy prOteUl aud isoflavones their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 68 1375S-1379S. 

XIAO M, LIN L, Liu-CHANG H, HONG D and LUCY s H (2000) Blood-lipid depressing effect and halitosis-deodorizing of tea , in Proc Tea Sci Symp Across the Taiwan Straits, 26-29 April, 2000, Fuzhou, China, 61-6. 

In addition to the effects on blood lipids, it has been suggested that soy consumption has a beneficial action on arterial function and improves antioxidant status (Lichtenstein, 1998 and refs therein). Genistein and daidzein were shown to have antioxidant properties in vitro (Kerry and Abbey, 1998), to enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilation and to reduce the development of atherosclerosis in monkeys (Honore et al, 1997 Wagner et al, 1997). 

In our study, consumption of rye bread or rye bread with phloem did not have an effect on serum lipids (total, LDL or HDL cholesterol or triglycerides) (Table 14.4). This is contrary to a recent finding suggesting that soluble fiber from rye bread decreased the concentrations of cholesterol (Leinonen et al., 2000). In that study ingestion of rye bread (220 g/d) with naturally high amounts of insoluble (18 g/d) and soluble fiber (4 g/d) decreased the LDL concentrations by 8% in hypercholesterolemic men. The researchers speculated that soluble fiber, maybe P-glucan, was responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect. The amount of rye bread (70 g/d vs 220 g/d), the amount of total (5.9-11.8 g/d vs 22.1 g/d) and soluble fiber (0.6-1.3 g/d vs 4 g/d) ingested in this study was considerably less, and could explain the lack of effects on blood lipids in our study. 

MARCKMANN p, sandstrOm b, jespersen J (1990) Effect of total fat content and fatty acid composition in diet on factor Vll coagulant activity and blood lipids, Atherosclerosis, 80, 227-33. 

In postmenopausal women, recently reported evidence supporting the use of aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting is intriguing and may usurp the role of tamoxifen. Three different approaches to therapy have been undertaken with these new agents (1) direct comparison with tamoxifen for adjuvant hormonal therapy, (2) sequential use after 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy, and (3) sequential use after 2 to 3 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. Based on results of several studies, it has been concluded that therapy for postmenopausal women with ER-positive breast cancer should include an aromatase inhibitor.27,47 It is still unclear if the aromatase inhibitor should be used instead of tamoxifen or sequentially after receiving tamoxifen for 2 to 5 years.27 Concerns surrounding loss of bone density, changes in blood lipids, and cardiac and vascular disease require further study.27... 

Stensvold, I., Tverdal, A., Foss, O. P., The effect of coffee on blood lipids and blood pressure Results from a Norwegian cross-sectional study, men and women, 40-42 years, J Clin Epidemiol., 42, 877, 1989... 

Randomized controlled trials of patients with type 2 diabetes have confirmed the beneficial effects of nuts on blood lipids, also seen in nondiabetic subjects, but the trials have not reported improvement in Ale or other glycated proteins (Jenkins and others 2008). Therefore, Jenkins and others (2008) concluded that there is justification to consider the inclusion of nuts in the diets of individuals with diabetes in view of their potential to reduce CHD risk, even though their ability to influence overall glycemic control remains to be established. 

Engelman HM, Alekel DL, Hanson LN, Kanthasamy AG and Reddy MB. 2005. Blood lipid and oxidative stress responses to soy protein with isoflavones and phytic acid in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 81 590-596. 

Humans given zinc supplements should be aware of possible complications (Fosmire 1990). Low intakes of 100 to 300 mg of zinc daily in excess of the recommended dietary allowance of 15 mg Zn daily may produce induced copper deficiency, impaired immune function, and disrupted blood lipid profiles. Patients treated with zinc supplements (150 mg daily) to control sickle cell anemia and nonresponsive celiac disease developed a severe copper deficiency in 13 to 23 months normal copper status was restored by cessation of zinc supplements and increased dietary copper (Fosmire 1990). 

Metabolite of pharmaceutical compound (blood lipid regulator)... 

D13. Donders, S. H. J., Lustermans, F. A. Th., and van Wersch, J. W. J., Low order correlations of lipoprotein(a) with other blood lipids and with coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters in hypertensive and diabetic patients. Blood Coagulation Fibrinol. 3, 249-256 (1992). 

The range of values for this enzyme corresponds to 0.0 to 1.5 ml. A//20 sodium hydroxide required to neutralize the fat acids released by 1 ml. of serum under controlled conditions.18 Since 0.05 ml. of AV20 sodium hydroxide solution should be easily detectable, this corresponds to at least a 30-fold range and is in line with the large range in the blood lipids which is known to be inter-individual (p. 58). Because of lack of interest in the question, apparently no investigation has been made regarding the constancy or lack of constancy of the lipases in the blood of specific individuals. 

Baum, J.A., Teng, H., Erdman, J.W., et al. (1998). Long-term intake of soy protein improves blood lipids profiles and increases mononuclear cell LDL receptor mRNA in hypocholesterolemic postmenopausal women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68, 545-551. 

Table 10.7 Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CyP2D5)-related blood lipid levels in Alzheimer s disease...

Miura T, Iwamoto N, Kato M, Ichiki H, Kubo M, Komatsu Y, Ishida T, Okada M, Tanigawa K. (2001) The suppressive effect of mangiferin with exercise on blood lipids in type 2 diabetes. Biol Pharm Bull 24 1091-1092. 

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