Echinacea purpurea

Wagner et al. obtained immunostimulating pectic polysaccharides from plant cell culture of Echinacea purpurea [5]. From the extracellular polysaccharide... 

Clifford, L.J. et al., Bioactivity of alkamides isolated from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Phytomedicine, 9, 249, 2002. 

Freier, D.O. et al., Enhancement of the humoral immune response by Echinacea purpurea in female Swiss mice, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 25, 551, 2003. 

Roesler, I. et al., Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to mice mediates protection against systemic infections with Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans, Int J Immunopharmacol, 13, 27, 1991. 

Steinmuller, C. et al., Polysaccharides isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea enhance the resistance of immunosuppressed mice against systemic infections with Candida albicans and Listeria monocytogenes, Int J Immunopharmacol, 15, 605, 1993. 

Schwarz, E. et al., Oral administration of freshly expressed juice of Echinacea purpurea herbs fail to stimulate the nonspecific immune response in healthy young men Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, J Immunother, 25, 413, 2002. 

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) Uses immune system stimulant prevention/Rx of colds, flu as supportive th apy for colds chronic infxns of the resp tract lower urinary tract Action Stimulates phagocytosis cytokine production T resp cellular activity topically exerts anesthetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory effects Efficacy Not established may X severity duration of URI Available forms Caps w/ powdered herb equivalent to 300-500 mg, PO, tid pressed juice 6-9 mL, PO, once/d tine 2-4 mL, PO, tid (1 5 dilution) tea 2 tsp (4 g) of powdered herb in 1 cup of boiling water Noles/SE Fever, taste p -version, urticaria, angioedema Contra w/ autoimmune Dz, collagen Dz, progressive systemic Dz (TB, MS, collagen-vascular disorders), HIV, leukemia, may interfere w/ immunosuppressive therapy Interactions t Risk of disulfiram-like reaction W/ disulfiram, metronidazole T risk of exacerbation of HIV or AIDS W/ chinacea amprenavir, other protease inhibitors X effects OF azathioprine, basiliximab, corticosteroids, cyclosporine, daclizumab, econazole vag cream, muromonab-CD3, mycophenolate, prednisone, tacrolimus EMS Possible immunosuppression... 

SR104 De Swaef, S. I., ]. O. de Beer, and A. ]. Vlietinck. Quantitative determination of P Coumaric acid in Echinacea purpurea press juice and urgenin. A validated method. J Liq Chromatogr 1994 17(19) 4169-4183. 

Echinacea purpurea, 400 mg q.i.d. x 8 days, 6 male and 6 female healthy volunteers... 

There are several botanicals that have purported immunostimulating effects. These include Panax ginseng and Echinacea purpurea (74), which have both been used as an immune stimulant. Any potential adverse effect on the pharmacological activity of immunosuppressants has not been reported in patients or evaluated in clinical studies. Given the lack of data, it would be prudent to advise against concurrent intake of these botanicals, and closely monitor changes in efficacy in patients who self-administer these botanicals. 

Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A, et al. The effect of Echinacea Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004 75 89-100. 

Echinacea is a widely available over-the-counter botanical remedy used for the treatment of the common cold, coughs, bronchitis, flu, and inflammation of the mouth and pharynx (141-144). It is one of the more popular botanical remedies with a sales ranking of 5 and sales of US 70 million (4). About 10% to 20% of the adult and child botanical users consume echinacea routinely (145-149). Three species of echinacea Echinacea purpurea, E. angustinfolia, and E. pallida) have been used medicinally (141). However, only the aboveground parts of E. purpura and the root of E. pallida have been approved for oral administration by the German E Commission (7). 

The three most widely used species of Echinacea are Echinacea purpurea, E pallida, and E angustifolia. The chemical constituents include flavonoids, lipophilic constituents (eg, alkamides, polyacetylenes), water-soluble polysaccharides, and water-soluble caffeoyl conjugates (eg, echinacoside, chicoric acid, caffeic acid). Within any marketed echinacea formulation, the relative amounts of these components are dependent upon the species used, the method of manufacture, and the plant parts used. Epurpurea has been the most widely studied in clinical trials. Although the active constituents of echinacea are not completely known, chicoric acid from E purpurea and echinacoside from E pallida and E angustifolia, as well as alkamides and polysaccharides, are most often noted as having immune-modulating properties. Most commercial formulations, however, are not standardized for any particular constituent. 

Barnes J et al Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Pharm Pharmacol 2005 57 929. [PMID 16102249]... 

Goel V et al A proprietary extract from the Echinacea plant (Echinacea purpurea) enhances systemic immune response during a common cold. Phytother Res 2005 19 689. [PMID 16177972]... 

Wagner et al. 33) have shown that two distinct polysaccharide fractions from Echinacea purpurea exhibited pronounced activities characterized by a high rate of phagocytosis stimulation. One polysaccharide was shown to be a heteroxylan of molecular weight 35000 and an arabinorhamnogalactan of molecular weight 450000. The main characteristics of these polysaccharides from Echinacea were the optimal solubility in water, the high content of uronic acids, and the very complex structure. 

Folklore Echinacea purpurea was used by native North Americans to treat wounds. Its use was greatly promoted by the Eclectic movement from the 1850s until the movement declined in the 1930s (Bown, 2003 Gruenwald et al., 2002 Hutchens, 1973 Shealy, 1998 Tierra, 1998). 

The herbal preparation echinacea is derived from the roots of Echinacea purpurea (Compositae/ Asteraceae) and is used for its immunostimu-lant properties, particularly as a prophylactic and... 

Perry NB, van Klink JW, Burgess EJ and Par-menter GA (1997) Alkamide levels in Echinacea purpurea a rapid analytical method revealing differences among roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves and flowers. Planta Med 63, 58-62. 

E see Ecstasy Easing powder see Opium Easy lay see GHB Echinacea see Herbal drugs Echinacea purpurea see Herbal drugs Effexor see Antidepressants Elavil see Antidepressants Elephant see PCP (phencyclidine)... 

The three most widely used species of Echinacea are Echinacea purpurea, Epallida, and E angustifolia. The chemical constituents include flavonoids, lipophilic constituents (eg, alkamides,... 

One final consideration of drug interactions involving intestinal CYP3A is the fact that differential modulation of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A is possible. Simultaneous inhibition of intestinal first-pass metabolism and stimulation or induction of hepatic first-pass metabolism has been reported for the interaction between the herbal supplement echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) and... 

Bauer, R. 1997. Standardisierung von Echinacea purpurea-Pre saft auf cichoriensaure und alkamide. 

Bauer, R. 1999b. Standardization of Echinacea purpurea expressed juice with reference to cichoric acid and alkamides. J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants 6, 51—61. 

Bauer, R., Remiger, P., and Wagner, H. 1988a. Vergleichende DC-und HPLC Analyse der Herba-Drogen von Echinacea purpurea, E. pallida, und E. angustifolia. Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg 128, 174-180. 

Bergeron, C., Gafner, S., Batcha, L., and Angerhofer, C. 2002. Stabilization of caffeic acid derivatives in Echinacea purpurea L. glycerin extract. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 3967-3970. 

Bohlmann, F. and Hoffman, H. 1983. Further amides from Echinacea purpurea. Phytochemistry 22, 1173-1175. 

Braunig, B., Dorn, M., and Knick, E. 1992. Echinaceae purpureae Radix zur Starkung der Korpereigene Abwehr bei Grippalen Infekten. Z. Fur Phytother. 13, 7-13. 

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