Linoleic conjugated

Palmitic Stearic Oleic Linoleic Conjugated Trienes... 

Branch Carbon Methyl Linoleate Conjugated Linoleate, Methyl Linolenate)... 

LINOLEIC CONJUGATED OLEIC % SATURATED % OTHERS BY DIFFERENCE, % SPECIFIC GRAVITY 25 /25 C WEIGHT PER GAL. 25 C, LBS. VISCOSITY GARDNER-HOLDT 25 C VISCOSITY CPS 25 C FLASH POINT CLOSED CUP F ... 

Nitrogen dioxide Nitro-arachidonic acid Cholesteryl nitro-linoleate Conjugated nitrolinoleic acid Nitro fatty acids Nitro-linoleic acid Nitro-oleic acid Nitric oxide synthase Inducible nitric oxide synthase... 

Anticancer Effects of Other, Non-Linoleic, Conjugated Fatty Acids... 

Linoleic, linolenic acids at 268, 234 m/i after alkali isomerization linoleic, conjugated diennoic acids in presence of eleostearic... 

Conjugation as well as geometric and positional isomerization occur when an alkadienoic acid such as linoleic acid is treated with a strong base at an elevated temperature. CycHc fatty acids result from isomerization of linolenic acid ia strong base at about 250°C (58). Conjugated fatty acids undergo the Diels-Alder reaction with many dienophiles including ethylene, propylene, acryUc acid, and maleic anhydride. 

C-21 dicarboxyhc acids are produced by Westvaco Corporation in Charleston, South Carolina in multimillion kg quantities. The process involves reaction of tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) (containing about 50% oleic acid and 50% hnoleic acid) with acryhc acid [79-10-7] and iodine at 220—250°C for about 2 hours (90). A yield of C-21 as high as 42% was reported. The function of the iodine is apparendy to conjugate the double bond in linoleic acid, after which the acryhc acid adds via a Diels-Alder type reaction to form the cycHc reaction product. Other catalysts have been described and include clay (91), palladium, and sulfur dioxide (92). After the reaction is complete, the unreacted oleic acid is removed by distillation, and the cmde C-21 diacid can be further purified by thin film distillation or molecular distillation. 

Lipoxygenase-Catalyzed Oxidations. Lipoxygenase-1 catalyzes the incorporation of dioxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids possessing a l(Z),4(Z)-pentadienyi moiety to yield ( ),(Z)-conjugated hydroperoxides. A highly active preparation of the enzyme from soybean is commercially available in purified form. From a practical standpoint it is important to mention that the substrate does not need to be in solution to undergo the oxidation. Indeed, the treatment of 28 g/L of linoleic acid [60-33-3] with 2 mg of the enzyme results in (135)-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid in 80% yield... 

The conjugate addition to acyclic enones is summarized in Table 5. The chiral hetero-cuprate derived from (S)-prolinol or cinchonidine produced products of low enantiomeric excess on treatment with chalcone (entries 3 and 4), while the cuprate from (S)-yV-methylpro-linol gave 64% ee (entry 6). Under more dilute conditions, 88% cc was obtained (entry 5). (2[Pg.909]

Tall oil fatty acids consist of resin acids (25% to 30%) and of a mixture of linolic acid, conjugated Cig fatty acids (45% to 65%), oleic acid (25% to 45%), 5,9,12-octadecatrienic acid (5% to 12%), and saturated fatty acids (1% to 3%). Resin acids are abietinic acid, dehydroabietic acid, and others. Properties of fatty acids are shown in Table 6-1. 

With the above procedure, dienoic fatty acid peroxidation products yield a conjugated triene chromophore with second-derivative absorption minima iocated at 258, 269.5 and 281 nm, whilst trienoic fatty-acid peroxidation products give rise to a conjugated tetraene chromophore with minima at 278, 289, 303 and 318 nm. The arrows in (c) denote second-derivative absorption minima corresponding to the conjugated triene adduct arising from linoleate-derived peroxidation products (conjugated hydroperoxydienes, hydroxydienes and oxodienes). 

Guyan et al. 1990) have used several markers of lipid peroxidation (9-cis-, 11-tmns-isomer of linoleic acid, conjugated dienes and ultraviolet fluorescent products) to demonstrate significant increases in the duodenal aspirate after secretin stimulation in patients with acute and clinic pancreatitis. They interpreted this as indicating induction of hepatic and pancreatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in the face of a shortfidl of antioxidant defences, more marked in chronic pancreatitis. Subsequent studies in patients with chronic pancreatitis have confirmed decreased serum concentrations of selenium, -carotene and vitamin E compared with healthy controls (Uden et al., 1992). Basso aol. (1990) have measured increases in lipid peroxides in the sera of patients with chronic... 

Thompson, S. and Smith, M.T. (1985). Measurement of the diene conjugated from of linoleic acid in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. A questionable non-invasive assay of free radical activity. Chem. Biol. Interactions 55, 357-366. 

The major fatty acids present in plant-derived fatty substances are oleic acid (9-octadecenoic, C18 l), linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic, C18 2) and the conjugated isomers thereof and linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic, C18 3) (Scheme 31.1). Their rates of oxygen absorption are 100 40 1, respectively, hence partial hydrogenation with consequent lowering of the iodine number would lead to a significant increase in oxidative stabihty, particularly when C18 3 is reduced. 

Some pheromone components are dienes and these can be produced by either the action of two desaturases or one desaturase and isomerization around the double bond. Some dienes with a 6,9-double bond configuration are produced using linoleic acid. Desaturases that utilize monounsaturated acyl-CoA substrates include A5 [39], A9 [36,40], All [41],A12 [42],andA13 [43].These can act sequentially to produce the diene [41,42] or conjugated dienes could be produced by the action of one desaturase followed by isomerization [44-47]. 

Chilliard Y, Ferlay A and Doreau M (2001), Effects of different types of forages, animal fat or marine oils in cow s diet on milk fat secretion and composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids , Livestock Production Science, 70, 31-48. 

Jones E L, Shingfield K J, Kohen C, Jones A K, Lupoli B, Grandison A S, Beever D E, Williams C M, Calder P C and Yaqoob P (2005), Chemical, physical, and sensory properties of dairy products enriched with conjugated linoleic acid , Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 2923-2937. 

Tricon S, Burdge G C, Kew S, Banerjee T, Russell J J, Jones E L, Grimble R F, Williams C M, Calder P C and Yaqoob P (2004), Effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on immune function in healthy humans , American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80, 1626-1633. 

Fitzpatrick, K.C., Regulatory issues related to functional foods and natural health products in Canada Possible implications for manufacturers of conjugated linoleic acid, Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 1217S, 2004. 

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