Conjugated linoleic acid, milk

Chilliard Y, Ferlay A and Doreau M (2001), Effects of different types of forages, animal fat or marine oils in cow s diet on milk fat secretion and composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids , Livestock Production Science, 70, 31-48. 

Derrick JW, Dumaresq DC (1999) Soil chemical properties under organic and conventional management in southern New South Wales. Aust J Soil Res 37 1047-1055 Dhiman TR, Anand GR, Satter LD, Pariza MW (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets. J Dairy Sci 82 2146-2156 Diver S, Kuepper G, Born H (1999) Organic tomato production. ATTRA//Organic Tomato Production... 

Regarding the compositional differences shown for animal products, whether they are important for health depends, as for the plants, on the overall composition of the diet of the people who eat them. The vitamin E content in milk is far too small for relevant differences to affect health (Nielsen ef al. 2004), and too little is known about the dose-response relations of the impact of conjugated linoleic acids on health. However, the increased vitamin E level may still be important to prevent oxidation of the fat, a problem that can be exacerbated by increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Dhiman ef al. 1999, Nielsen ef al. 2004). However, while oxidised milk is clearly not good for health, its rancid taste and smell allows detection and rejection before consumption and thus prevents harm to health, similar to plant toxicants. Also in line with the plants, while the use of roughage is clearly more extensive in organic farming, some conventional farmers use almost identical feed compositions and are therefore likely to produce the same quality of products in this respect. 

Parodi, P.W. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of milk fat. 

Precht, D., Molkentin, J. 1997. 7>tfm-geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in German milk and vegetable fats. Fett/Lipid., 99, 319-326. 

Robinson, N.P., MacGibbon, A.K.H. 2000. Determination of the conjugated linoleic acid containing triacylglycerols in New Zealand milk fat. Lipids, 35, 789-796. 

Baumgard, L.H., Corl, B.A., Dwyer, D.A., Saebo, A., Bauman, D.E. 2000. Identification of the conjugated linoleic acid isomer that inhibits milk fat synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 278, R179-184. 

Giesy, J.G., McGuire, M.A., Shafii, B., Hanson, T.W. 2002. Effect of dose of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on percentage and fatty acid content of milk fat in midlactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85, 2023-2029. 

Kelsey, J.A., Corl, B.A., Collier, R.J., Bauman, D.E. 2003. The effect of breed, parity, and stage of lactation on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86,... 

Piperova, L.S., Teter, B.B., Bruckental, I., Sampugna, J., Mills, S.E., Yurawecz, M.P., Fritsche, J., Ku, K., Erdman, R.A. 2000. Mammary lipogenic enzyme activity, irons fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are altered in lactating dairy cows fed a milk fat-depressing diet. J. Nutr. 130, 2568-2574. 

AbuGhazaleh, A.A., Schingoethe, D.J., Hippen, A.R. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid and other beneficial fatty acids in milk from cows fed soybean meal, fish meal, or both. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 1845-1850. 

Adlof, R.O. 2003. Application of silver-ion chromatography to the separation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. In Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 2 (J.-L. Sebedio, W.W. Christie, R.O. Adlof, eds.), pp. 37-55, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL. Ahnadi, C.E., Beswick, N., Delbecchi, L., Kennedy, J.J., Lacasse, P. 2002. Addition of fish oil to diets for dairy cows. II. Effects on milk fat and gene expression of mammary lipogenic enzymes. J. Dairy Res. 69, 521-531. 

Auldist, M.J., Kay, J.K., Thomson, N.A., Napper, A.R., Kolver, E.S. 2002. Concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid in milk from cows grazing pasture or fed a total mixed ration for an entire lactation. Proc. NZ Soc. Anim. Prod. 62, 240-247. 

Bauman, D.E., Lock A.L., Corl B.A., IpC., Salter A.M., Parodi P.W. 2005. Milk fatty acids and human health potential role of conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids. In Ruminant Physiology Digestion, Metabolism and Impact of Nutrition on Gene Expression, Immunology and Stress. (K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplund, and M.O. Nielsen, eds.), pp. 523-555, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Academic Publishers. 

Baumgard, L.H., Sangster, J.K., Bauman, D.E. 2001. Milk fat synthesis in dairy cows is progressively reduced by increasing supplemental amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). J. Nutr. 131, 1764-1769. 

Chouinard, P.Y., Corneau, L., Barbano, D.M., Metzger, L.E., Bauman, D.E. 1999a. Conjugated linoleic acids alter milk fatty acid composition and inhibit milk fat secretion in dairy cows. /. Nutr. 129, 1579-1584. 

Dhiman, T.R., Satter, L.D., Pariza, M.W., Galli, M.P., Albright, K., Tolosa, M.X. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 1016-1027. 

Griinari, J.M., Bauman, D.E., Chilliard, Y., Perajoki, P., Nurmela, K.V.V. 2000a. Dietary influences on conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in bovine milk fat. 3rd Meeting European Section of AOCS, Helsinki, pp. 87. 

Jahreis, G., Fritsche, J., Steinhart, H. 1997. Conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat High variation depending on production system. Nutr. Res. 17, 1479-1484. 

Keeney, M. 1970. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. In Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (A.T. Phillipson, ed.), pp. 489-503, Oriel Press, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK. Kelly, M.L., Bauman, D.E. 1996. Conjugated linoleic acid A potent anticarcinogen found in milk fat. I roc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. 68-74. 

Kelly, M.L., Berry, J.R., Dwyer, D.A., Griinari, J.M., Chouinard, P.Y., Van Amburgh, M.E., Bauman, D.E. 1998a. Dietary fatty acid sources affect conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk from lactating dairy cows. J. Nutr. 128, 881-885. 

Lawless, F., Stanton, C., L Escop, P., Devery, R., Dillon, P., Murphy, J.J. 1999. Influence of breed on bovine milk cis-9, trans-l 1-conjugated linoleic acid content. Livest. Prod. Sci. 62, 43-49. 

Lock, A.L., Garnsworthy, P.C. 2002. Independent effects of dietary linoleic and linolenic fatty acids on the conjugated linoleic acid content of cows milk. Anim. Sci. 74, 163-176. 

Loor, J.J., Herbein, J.H. 1998. Exogenous conjugated linoleic acid isomers reduce bovine milk fat concentration and yield by inhibiting de novo fatty acid synthesis. J. Nutr. 128, 2411-2419. 

Lynch, J.M., Lock, A.L., Dwyer, D.A., Norbaksh, R., Barbano, D.M., Bauman, D.E. 2005. Flavor and stability of pasteurized milk with elevated levels of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 489-498. 

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