Westvaco Corporation

Westvaco Corporation is reported to be the only significant producer of lignosulfonate utilising this process. 

C-21 dicarboxyhc acids are produced by Westvaco Corporation in Charleston, South Carolina in multimillion kg quantities. The process involves reaction of tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) (containing about 50% oleic acid and 50% hnoleic acid) with acryhc acid [79-10-7] and iodine at 220—250°C for about 2 hours (90). A yield of C-21 as high as 42% was reported. The function of the iodine is apparendy to conjugate the double bond in linoleic acid, after which the acryhc acid adds via a Diels-Alder type reaction to form the cycHc reaction product. Other catalysts have been described and include clay (91), palladium, and sulfur dioxide (92). After the reaction is complete, the unreacted oleic acid is removed by distillation, and the cmde C-21 diacid can be further purified by thin film distillation or molecular distillation. 

Westvaco Special Report, Nuchar Activated Carbons for Automotive Hydrocarbon Emission Control, Westvaco Corporation, 1986. 

Roger S. Williams, Westvaco Corporation, Washington Street, Covington, Virginia 24426, USA... 

Westvaco Corporation, Charleston Research Center, North Charleston, SC 29406 K. S. BIRDI... 

Hydroxy propyl lignin (HPL) Two different HPL preparations were used in this study (12). Blends containing PE and EVA utilized an HPL from organosolv (methanol) lignin from red oak and blends containing PVA and PMMA utilized an HPL from kraft lignin (Indulin-AT from Westvaco Corporation, Charleston, SC). 

For further information contact Westvaco Corporation, Polychemicals Department, P.0. Box 70848, Charleston Heights, South Carolina 29415-0848. 

The author wishes to thank Mr. Ralph Irlck for experimental assistance and Westvaco Corporation for permission to publish this work. 

Carbon C. Force (289), Westvaco Corporation, Research Center, North Charleston, South Carolina 29406... 

Chaplin, C. R., J. E. Gordon, and G. Jeronimidis. 1983. United States Patent. Composite Material. Assignee Westvaco Corporation, New York, application 351,777. 

Phenol, formaldehyde in form of a 37% aqueous solution (formalin), and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany. Kraft lignin was supplied in the form of a dried black powder by Mead Westvaco Corporation, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. The salts potassium carbonate, zinc borate, and propylene carbonate were also purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany. All chemicals were analytical grade and used as such for the preparation of the resins without further purification. 

The largest producer in the USA is Calgon Carbon Corporation, with plants in several locations. Its annual capacity represents around 42% of the total production capacity of the country the main activation process is thermal and the precursors used are bituminous coal, coconut shell and charcoal. The second largest producer is Norit Americas, Inc., with around 23% of total capacity. Thermal activation is carried out with lignite and bituminous coal, and chemical activation (with phosphoric acid) is carried out with wood and peat. The third producer is Westvaco Corporation, with around 12%, sawdust being the main precursor for both thermal and chemical (with phosphoric acid) activation. Regeneration capacity of spent activated carbon has considerably increased in the last few years, this capacity being estimated to be now over 50,000 tonnes per year. 

Pine lignins from the Westvaco Corporation of Charleston, SC. Aspen lignin from the Solar Energy Research Institute, of Golden, CO. 

Rivera, M. A. Zuraw, P. J., Westvaco Corporation, US Patent 5,216,064, Rosin-Based Resin-Fortified Emulsion Polymers... 

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