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Leveling effects

Because of the mentioned leveling effect of the solvent (or excess acid itself acting as such) the acidity cannot exceed that of its conjugate acid. In the case of water the limiting acidity is that of HsO. Proton-ated water, H30 (hydronium ion), was first postulated in 1907, and its preeminent role in acid-catalyzed reactions in aqueous media was first realized in the acid-base theory of Bronsted and Lowry. Direct experimental evidence for the hydronium ion in solution and in the... [Pg.189]

The significance of the possible diprotonation of water under extremely acidic conditions directly affects the question of acid strength achievable in superacidic systems. The leveling effect mentioned above limits the acidity of any system to that of its conjugate acid. Thus, in... [Pg.191]

Carboxjiates with a fiuorinated alkyl chain ate marketed by the 3M/Industrial Chemical Products Company under the trade name Fluotad surfactants. They also include other functional derivatives of fiuorinated and perfluorinated alkyl chains. Replacement of hydrogens on the hydrophobe by fluorine atoms leads to surfactant molecules of unusually low surface tension. This property imparts excellent leveling effectiveness. [Pg.238]

Diseased groups No extrapolations Susceptible groups Long-term, low-level effects Many covariates Minimal dose-response data Association vs. causation... [Pg.107]

As the surface smoothing and levelling effects are somewhat limited, the use of acid cleaners prior to anodising or electropainting, where surface defects can be enhanced, is not common. [Pg.283]

The equilibrium in this reversible reaction will be greatly influenced by the nature of the acid and that of the solvent. Weak acids are normally used in the presence of strongly protophilic solvents as their acidic strengths are then enhanced and then become comparable to those of strong acids — this is referred to as the levelling effect . [Pg.282]

Determinations in non-aqueous solvents are of importance for substances which may give poor end points in normal aqueous titrations and for substances which are not soluble in water. They are also of particular value for determining the proportions of individual components in mixtures of either acids or of bases. These differential titrations are carried out in solvents which do not exert a levelling effect. [Pg.282]

Protein Cell Type/Organism Expression Level Effect on Cell Locomotion Reference... [Pg.94]

How do carbon and nitrogen trophic level effects compare We have argued that the cause of shifts in carbon might be diverse, and that these shifts are probably variable in size. Especially because of this ambiguity we feel that preferably the term trophic level effect should be avoided for carbon. Given that nitrogen trophic level effects are much more pronounced and universally fairly similar in size (possibly outside of arid areas), it should be possible to calculate food 5 N values by subtracting the trophic level effect from ancient bone 8 N values. [Pg.48]

All these factors make comparisons with other archaeological indicators of paleodiet more complicated. Nevertheless, nitrogen trophic level effects, together with measurement of the A CapaiU,.coii,g.n spacing, seems to be the best way to quantify proportions of animal protein in the diet. [Pg.51]

Table 3.2 shows the 5 Cu and 5 Cc values of herbivores, omnivores, carnivores and humans. The (climate-corrected) trophic level effect between herbivores and carnivores is 0.90%o. Human values are closer to carnivore and omnivore values than to herbivore 5 Cc values. The human 5 Cc values are on average 0.66%o more positive than the herbivore 5 Cc values, a good estimate for a carnivore effect in humans (see section on trophic level effects, below). The average human 5 Cc value is -19.92 1.28%o,which would indicate that Holocene humans in Europe had a diet that consisted of C3 terrestrial foods, whieh is as might be expected. By looking at the humans separate from the total bone data set, we notice potential human food selection (Fig. 3.3) we can see a non-climatic pattern, which is much less uniform than in the total bone data set (Fig. 3.2b). Italy (6 Cc = -21.3%o) has a much more negative 8 Cc value than the Czech Republic (8 Cc =-18.7%o), Spain (8 Cc = -19.3%o) and Greece (-18.9%o but the 8 N of 9.0%odoes not indicate marine food), while the northern European coimtries are closer to a 5 Cc value of-20%o. What the actual causes are for this pattern in the human samples is not clear to better understand these variations it is best to consider, where possible, the 8 N values with the 8 Cc values. [Pg.54]

Schoeninger, M.J. 1985 Trophic level effects on and ratios in bone collagen and... [Pg.62]

We can now appreciate that this explanation is incorrect, because the energy food for an animal is all of its diet and not just carbohydrates and lipids. Therefore we should not expect any selective offset due to the presence of lipids in the flesh of herbivores. Indeed, in general, the average 5 Cof total consumable herbivore tissues (flesh, lipids, etc.) is very close to that of the diet, and we might not expect any difference in the isotopic composition of the collagen or carbonate of a consumer of pure Cj plants as opposed to a consumer of the flesh of Cs-eating herbivores. We must seek elsewhere for the cause of the trophic level effect on A,p.co-... [Pg.201]

On the other hand, the scrambled model of carbon sourcing does not seem to be applicable when we consider the metabolic fate of fatty acids. We find that there are partial barriers to the movement of FA-derived carbon atoms into the synthesis of proteins. This partial restriction leads us to expect a trophic level effect in the fractionation between collagen and bone apatite or respired CO2 of which apatitic carbonate is a sample. The magnitude of the fractionation depends on two separate fractionation factors which cannot be disentangled by analyses of bone samples alone. [Pg.207]

Rodiere, E., Bocherens, H. Angilbault, J-M. and Mariotti, A. 1996 Particularites isotopiques de I azote chez le chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus L) Implications pour les reconstitutions paleoenvironnementales. Comptes Rendu de I Academie des Sciences de Paris 323 179-185. Schoeninger, M.J. 1985 Trophic level effects on N/ N and ratios in bone collagen and... [Pg.258]

Schoeninger, M.J. (1985). Trophic level effects on 15N/14N and 13G/12C ratios in bone collagen and strontium levels in bone mineral. Journal of Human Evolution, Vol.l4, pp. 515-525. [Pg.161]


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Acidity leveling effect

Activation energy, Fermi level effect

Additive effects leveling

Anharmonic coupling rotational level effects

Aquatic systems population level effects

Atrazine population-level effects

Auger Electron Radiotherapy Anti-tumor Effects at the Single Cell Level

Background radiation levels, health effects

Basic solvents, levelling effect

Basis Set Effect at the HF Level

Biological effects of low level exposures

Blood lead levels behavioural effects

Bone mineral levels, rats, effect

Bone mineral levels, rats, effect dietary

Buildup effective levels

Carbamates population level effects

Chip level effect

Crystal field levels resistivity effects

Deep levels doping effects

Deep levels irradiation effects

Derived Minimal Effect Level

Derived no-effect level

EFFECT LEVELS BOUNDED

Ecosystem level effects

Ecosystem level effects ecosystems

Effect level

Effect level

Effect of Candidate Compounds with Antisecretory Potential on Serum Gastrin Levels

Effect of Fat Level on Cooking Properties

Effect of power level

Effect of two liquid phases on level swell

Effect of viscosity on level swell

Effect on Sea Level

Effective Hamiltonian for a single vibrational level

Effects at the level of chromatin

Effects of Low Level Nerve Agent Exposure

Effects of Sea-level Change on Erosion

Electrostatic Effects and Energy-Level Splitting

Energy levels effective symmetry

Estrogen levels, serum, effects

Fatty acid effect of dietaiy fat source and level on composition

Fatty acid effect of dietary fat source and level on composition

Geometric phase effect levels

Health effects levels

Hepatic glutathione levels, effect

Hormonal level, effect

Impurity leveling effect

Individual variability and population level effects

Isotope effect on a vibrational level

Leucine Leveling effect

Level anticrossing effects

Level of effect

Leveling effect INDEX

Leveling effect of solvent

Leveling effect, acid-base reaction

Leveling effect, kinetic

Levelling effect

Levelling effect of solvent

Levelling effect, water

Levelness instrumentation temperature effects

Levelness temperature effects

Liver cholesterol levels pectin effect

Lower lowest observable adverse effect level

Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level

Lowest Observed Effect Level

Lowest adverse effect level

Lowest effect concentration level

Lowest effect levels

Lowest observable effect level

Lowest observed adverse effect level LOAEL)

Lowest observed effect level LOEL)

Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level LOAEL) benchmark

Maximum effect concentration level

Minimal Anticipated Biologic Effect Level

Minimal Effect Levels , risk

Minimal Effect Levels , risk assessment

Minimal anticipated biological effect level

Minimal effective brain level

Minimum effective levels

Minimum-observed-adverse-effect-level

Minimum-observed-adverse-effect-level MOAEL)

Multi-stage Level Combined Effect of Phase and Chemical Equilibrium

NOAEL effect level

No Observable Adverse Effect Levels NOAELs)

No Observed Adverse Effect Level

No Observed Effect Level

No adverse effect level

No effect dose level

No observable adverse effect level NOAEL)

No observable effect level

No observed adverse effect level NOAEL)

No-effect levels

No-observable effect level NOEL)

No-observable-adverse-effect level

Non-aqueous media levelling effects

Non-observable adverse effect level

Non-observable effect level

Non-observed effect level

Organism-level effects mechanisms of reproductive toxicology

Oximates leveling effect

Ozone ground level, effects

Pharmacologically effective level

Plasma level effective

Population level effects

Population level effects assessment practices

Population level effects ecotoxicology

Population level effects gene frequencies

Population level effects herbicides

Population level effects organization

Predicted No-Effect Level

Quantum Numbers, Level Patterns, and the Effects of Terms Excluded from

Saccharin leveling effect

Self-leveling effect

Serum cholesterol levels pectin effect

Solvent levelling effect

Solvents, nonaqueous leveling effect

Square-planar complexes, effect energy levels

Stark effect level shift

Strong field case energy levels, effect

Sublethal levels long-term effects

Surfactant level, effect

The Effect of Proton (Cation) Exchange Level

The Leveling Effect

The effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels on global temperature and other properties

The no observed adverse effect level

Toxic Effect Frequencies Resulting from Specific Exposure Levels

Transport effects at particle level

Triglyceride levels psyllium effects

Water leveling effect

Whole organism level effects

Year effect amino acid levels

Zeolite rare earth level effects

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