Sublethal levels long-term effects

Long-term effects of sublethal effects Often the sublethal effects of a PPP are described well on the level of individuals, whereas the likely impact on population level is less well known. In some cases, the effects of density dependence, for example, will make the effects much less pronounced on the population level than on the individual level. In other cases, the sublethal effects may have pronounced effects on population density and structure. Ecological models can be used to put the effects observed on the individual level into the more ecologically relevant population level. 

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