Biological effects of low level exposures

Biological Effects of Low Level Exposures (BELLE). www.BeUeQuliae.com BLACKSTOCK w p and WEIR M p (1999) Proteomics quantitative and physical mapping of cellular proteins. TIBTECH 17 121-7. 

Mehendale HM. 1992. Biochemical mechanisms of biphasic dose-response relationships Role of hormesis. In Calabrese EJ, ed. Biological effects of low level exposures to chemicals and radiation. Workshop, Amherst, MA, April 30 - May 1, 1991. Chelsea, Ml Lewis Publishers, Inc., 59-94. 

Mehendale HM. 1994. Cellular and molecular foundations of hormetic mechanisms. In Biological effects of low level exposures dose-response relationships. Editor Calabrese EJ. Lewis Publishers. 

BELLE. 2007. Biological effects of low level exposures website. http //www.heUeonhne.com/... 

There are a number of references by Dr. Edward Calabrese introducing and arguing for the validity of the hormesis hypothesis. These include the BELLE Newsletter (Biological Effects of Low Level Exposure) published by Dr. Calabrese from the University of Massachusetts. Two good introductory references are these ... 

Russell-Jones, R. and R. Southwood (eds.). 1988. Radiation and Health The Biological Effects of Low Level Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. New York Wiley-Interscience. 

Tuschl H, Altmann H, Kovac R, Topaloglou A (1983) Effects of chronic low dose exposure on DNA repair processes and sister chromatid exchanges. In Biological effects of low level radiation. IAEA, Vienna, pp 185-190... 

The National Coimdl on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) has been concerned from its inception with assessment of the risks of low-level irradiation. In recent years, this concern has prompted increasingly detailed efforts to quantify the influence of dose, dose rate, and linear energy transfer (LET) on the biomedical effects of radiation, with particular reference to the carcinogenic risks of low-level exposure (NCRP, 1980) and the work-in-progress of NCRP Sdentific Committee 40 on LET and relative biological effectiveness. 

Examples of differences in the responses of wildlife organisms to EDCs include the differences in sensitivity to phthalates and bisphenols among mollusks, crustaceans, and amphibians compared to fish. In invertebrates, biological effects are observed at exposures in the ng/L to low pg/L range, compared to high pg/L for most effects in fish (reviewed in Oehtmann et al. 2008). In addition, aquatic mollusks tend to bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate pollutants to a greater level than hsh, possibly owing to poorer capabilities for metabolic detoxification (see Chapter 4, Section 4.3). 

BEIRIII. 1980. The effects on populations of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Research Council. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

No ongoing studies regarding the determination of low levels of hydrogen cyanide in air and cyanogen chloride in water or the identification of a biological effect that correlates with exposure to cyanide were located in the available literature. 

Little is known about the biological effects of APIs on the aquatic environment. The sparse research on this emerging problem reflects, in part, the fact that environmental toxicology has traditionally focused on the effects of acute exposure, rather than on low level, chronic exposure [40, 58]. 

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. Exposure to 1,4-dichloro-benzene may be evaluated by measuring the levels of this compound in blood, breath, milk, and adipose tissue, and by measuring the level of 2,5-dichlorophenol, a metabolite of 1,4-dichlorobenzene, in urine (Bristol et al. 1982 Erickson et al. 1980 Jan 1983 Langhorst and Nestrick 1979 Pellizzari et al. 1985). Sensitive analytical methods are available for measurements in blood. Development of methods with improved specificity and sensitivity for other tissues and breath would be valuable in identifying individuals with low-level exposure. Development of standardized procedures would permit comparison of data and facilitate the study of correlations between exposure and measured levels biological samples. Interlaboratory studies are also needed to provide better performance data for methods currently in use. 

NAS/NRC (1990). National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations. Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, BEIR V (National Acad emy Press, Washington). 

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