Level of effect

Performance of the corrective measure based on the effectiveness of the technology to perform its intended function and the length of time the level of effectiveness can be maintained. 

Differences in levels of health effects and cancer effects between males and females are not indicated in Figure 3-2. Where such differences exist, only the levels of effect for the most sensitive gender are presented. 

Efficiency combines the resource and effectiveness dimensions. In fact, the criterion has many different (and non-contradictory) definitions, depending on the context. For the purposes of the present discussion the pursuit of efficiency can be taken as either reducing the cost of achieving a given level of effectiveness, or improving the effectiveness achieved from a fixed budget or set of resources. Efficiency has sometimes been seen as a controversial criterion, but much of this controversy probably stems from the tendency of some policy-makers to use the term efficiency when they really mean cheap , and to refer to efficiency improvements when they really mean cutbacks . Understood and employed properly, the criterion really ought to be widely accepted, particularly when used in combination with equity. 

The derived AEGL values for various levels of effects and durations of exposure are summarized in Table 1-14. Data were insufficient for deriving... 

No human data that address the level of effects defined by the AEGL-2 were located. 

AEGL values for various levels of effect were derived using the following methods. The AEGL-1 was based on a controlled 1-h inhalation no-effect level of 8,000 ppm in humans. Because effects occurred in animal studies only at considerably higher concentrations, an intraspecies UF of 1 was applied. Because blood concentrations achieved equilibrium approximately 55 min into the exposure and circulating HFC-134a concentrations determine the level of effect, the 8,000 ppm concentration was applied across all time periods. 

As 6 actions continue, such "cascade effects" as the PCB situation will be seen the first stages impacted will be the manufacturer whose product line will be modified. The next level of effect will be the user industries who are the primary consumers the final economic impact will fall on the consumer of the product or service. 

Other dietary supplements and herbal remedies should be held to regulatory standards that are at least as stringent as those for OTC drug products. At the very least, active ingredients should be required to meet standards for purity, content, safety, and some level of effectiveness before they can be marketed. 

Many CNS depressants have some liability for dependence. This is typically greater with barbiturates, but lesser with benzodiazepines, and perhaps nonexistent in many antiseizure medications. CNS depressants produce tolerance when administered chronically, where increasingly larger doses are required to sustain the same level of effect. Further, a cross-tolerance often develops, where the tolerance is generalized to other CNS depressants. For example, a person with an ethanol tolerance will also display some tolerance to barbiturates. The therapeutic index tends to decrease as tolerance increases, so that the difference between an effective and toxic dose diminishes. Thus, tolerance to CNS depressants is accompanied by a smaller safety margin. 

Level of effect fiiat is acceptable Factors affecting exposure Interspecies variation in sensitivity... 

The relationship between the temporal pattern of exposure and the level of effects for receptor organisms... 

B. Perfusion of the brain is preserved when hemorrhage occurs. Thus, a greater proportion of the initial dose of anesthetic should appear in the brain, and a dose smaller than what is needed for a normovolemic patient is all that is required. Also, since flow to tissues associated with redistribution of the drug and termination of anesthesia is compromised, anesthesia should be deep and extended. Titrate this patient to a safe level of effect. While poor perfusion of the liver may reduce the exposure of drugs to metabolic enzymes, most intravenous anesthetics rely very little on hepatic clearance to terminate the anesthetic effect when a single bolus is administered. Furthermore, the question implies a direct influence of blood pressure on the efficiency of hepatic enzymes, and there is no evidence to support such a contention. Option C is not true. The opposite of option D is true. No evidence exists that binding of anesthetics is altered by these conditions. 

When we say that a trial has 80 per cent power to detect a certain level of effect, for example 4 mmHg, what we mean is that if we conduct the trial and the true difference really is 4 mmHg then there is an 80 per cent chance of coming out of the trial with a significant p-value, and declaring differences. 

For the unpaired t-test we need to specify the standard deviation, a, for the primary endpoint, and the level of effect, d, we are looking to detect with say 90 per cent power. 

For the paired t-test, the standard deviation of the within-patient differences for the primary endpoint needs to be specified and again, the level of effect to be detected. 

We commonly refer to the level of effect to be detected as the cliniMlly relevant difference (crd) what level of effect is an important effect from a clinical standpoint. Note also that crd stands for commercially relevant difference it could well be that the decision is based on commercial interests. Finally crd stands for cynically relevant difference It does happen from time to time that a statistician is asked to do a sample size calculation, oh and by the way, we want 200 patients The issue here of course is budget and the question really is what level of effect are we able to detect with a sample size of 200 ... 

The RBE is a clear, unambiguous, and well-defined radiobiological concept. A RBE value is the result of an experiment and is thus associated with an experimental uncertainty. The biological system, type, and level of effect, the dose, and the experimental conditions in which a given RBE value has been obtained must be specified. 

It is clear that the disposal of HLNW requires a high level of effective isolation for geological time-scales. In this context deep geological disposal has arisen as the most accepted option and there are already operational repositories of this type (waste isolation pilot plant, WIPP) in the USA, and in Finland and Sweden the plans are well advanced for the siting and construction of such facilities. 

The level of effectiveness of a drug that indicates a threshold action. If a higher dosage produces a greater response, then the plus/minus (+/-) was valid. If a higher dosage produces nothing, then this was a false positive. 

Many people find it difficult to achieve a satisfactory level of effects... 

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