Population-level effects

Forbes, V.E. and Calow, P. (1999). Is the per capita rate of increase a good measure of population-level effects in ecotoxicology Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18, 1544-1556. 

In conclusion, historically it appears that there have been several AHR-mediated effects in seabirds in the Great Lakes, which probably contributed to reproductive failure and an increased incidence of live-abnormalities (in cormorants), but most of these were due to the effect of AHR PCB congeners, primarily PCB 126. The exceptions may be Lake Ontario and Saginaw Bay, where 2378-TeCDD concentrations and all PCDD/F concentrations, respectively, were very high in the 1970s. Contemporary AHR-mediated effects in Great Lakes seabirds are more likely to be subtle, such as effects on immune system function and fatty acid synthesis, rather than population-level effects such as reduction in reproductive success. Hoffman et al. [116] reviewed PCB and PCDD/F toxicity in birds. 

Caswell H. 1996. Demography meets ecotoxicology untangling the population level effects of toxic substances. In Newman MC, Jagoe CH, editors. Ecotoxicology a hierarchical treatment. Boca Raton (FL) Lewis Publishers, p 255-292. 

Schroer AFW, Belgers JDM, Brock TCM, Matser AM, Maund SJ, van den Brink PJ. 2004a. Comparison of laboratory single species and field population-level effects of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin on freshwater invertebrates. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 46 324-335. 

Tanaka Y, Nakanishi J. 2001. Model selection and parameterizatiopn of the concentration-response functions for population-level effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 20 1857-1865. 

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