Legume

Although widely consumed in fresh and processed forms there is relatively little information of the phytochemicals present in most legumes of dietary significance. The notable 

Secondary Metabolites in Plant-Based Dietary Components 

Cyanidin-3-0-(6 -0-malonyl)glucoside Quercetin-3-0-(6 -0-malonyl)glucoside 

Vida faba contain caffeoyl-L-malic acid (phaseolic acid) (Figiore 7.15) at up to 100 mg/kg (Winter and Herrmann 1986). 

Control of these mycotoxicoses is based on the use of fungicides on pasture, on the selection of resistant plants and animals, and on the modification of grazing practices to avoid consumption of infected herbage (e.g. avoiding the grazing of infected dead plant material close to the ground). 

Nutritionally, the clovers are superior to grasses in protein and mineral content (particularly calcium, phosphorus, magnesimn, copper and cobalt), and their nutritive value falls less with age. Studies with white clover have shown that the rates of reduction in particle size and of movement of particulate matter from the rumen are more rapid than with grass. Sheep and cattle offered white clover as fresh forage con-smned 20 per cent more dry matter than from grass of the same metabolisable energy 

Adapted from MAFF 975 Energy Allowances and Feeding Systems for Ruminants, techn ca bulletin 

The sugars present in clovers are similar to those found in grasses, the main sugar being sucrose. Fructans are generally absent, but starch is present and concentrations of this polysaccharide as high as 50 g/kg DM have been reported in the dried leaves 

In Britain, the small area of lucerne grown is harvested mainly for silage or for artificial drying (see Chapter 20), but in other parts of the world, notably the USA (where it is known as alfalfa), the crop is also used for grazing. 

Of course, recycling of crop residues represented no net additions of nitrogen to the agroecosystems in question, and recycling of animal and human wastes brought net 

Because pulses ripen in the Near East earlier than wild cereals—in late winter and early spring, at the time when hunting societies faced the worst meat shortages— and because their patchy distribution might have eased possible territorial conflicts, 

The pattern of leguminous cultivation is remarkable for the fascinating regional differences as individual agricultures combined a variety of legumes with cereal (or tuber) staples. In traditional Chinese farming soybeans, beans, peas, and peanuts were rotated with millets, wheat, and rice (fig. 2.4). Indian legume cultivation has 

X SOYBEANS OR SWEET POTATOES /XWHEAT, BARLEY OR PEAS 

An example of a traditional crop rotation from South China including the cultivation of legumes. 

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Legume seeds Lehring processes Leidie process Leishmaniasis... 

Raw soybeans also maybe used as a supplemental protein source. Dry beans, ie, beans normally harvested in the green / imm a tiire state, fava beans, lupins, field peas, lentils, and other grain legumes are potential supplemental protein sources however, several of these may have deleterious effects, predominantly enzyme inhibition, on the animal. The supply of each is limited (5). 

Legume forages, such as alfalfa or clover, are considered high quaHty, readily available protein sources. Animal sources of supplemental protein include meat and bone meal blood meal, 80% CP fish meal other marine products and hydroly2ed feathermeal, 85—90% CP. Additionally, synthetic amino acids are available commercially. Several sources (3,9,19) provide information about the protein or amino acid composition of feedstuffs. 

Guar gum [9000-30-0] derived from the seed of a legume (11,16), is used as a flocculant in the filtration of mineral pulps leached with acid or cyanide for the recovery of uranium and gold (16). It is also used as a retention aid, usually in a chemically modified form (14,17). Starch and guar gum are subject to biological degradation in solution, so they are usually sold as dry powders that are dissolved immediately before use. Starch requires heating in most cases to be fully dissolved. 

Mycotoxias fiad thek way kito the human diet by way of mold-contaminated cereal and legume crops, meat, and milk products. Com and peanuts probably represent the most common sources of mycotoxias ki the human diet. Many mycotoxias are acutely toxic as well as being poteat carckiogeas (86). 

Land used for production of crops for harvest alone or in rotation with grasses and legumes. 

Land used for the production of adapted, introduced, or native species in a pure stand, grass mixture, or a grass-legume mixture. 

Foods rich in molybdenum include legumes, dark green vegetables, Hver, whole-grain cereals, and milk. 

Molybdenum, recognized as an essential trace element for plants, animals, and most bacteria, is present in a variety of metaHo enzymes (44—46). Indeed, the absence of Mo, and in particular its co-factor, in humans leads to severe debility or early death (47,48). Molybdenum in the diet has been impHcated as having a role in lowering the incidence of dental caries and in the prevention of certain cancers (49,50). To aid the growth of plants. Mo has been used as a fertilizer and as a coating for legume seeds (51,52) (see FERTILIZERS Mineral NUTRIENTS). 

Although root nodules are the most common sites of N2-fixiag symbioses, some tropical legumes like Sesbania produce stem nodules ia associatioa Jp rhi bium caulinodans (55). la coatrast to root aodules, some stem aodules are photosyathetic and contain, ia the case oiPieschjnomene indica rhizobia themselves capable of photosyathesis (56). This close relatioaship of photosyathesis to fixatioa may ease the eaergy supply demand of nodules. 

The nephrotoxic amino acid, lyskioalanine [18810-04-3] formed upon alkaline treatment of proteki, was reported ki 1964 (108). Its toxicity seems to be mitigated ki proteki ki that it is not released by normal digestion (109). Naturally occurring new amino acids, which can be classified as protekiaceous or non-protekiaceous, can, as ki the case of those from some legumes, show a remarkable toxicity (110). Eor the details of amino acid toxicity, see reference 6. Enzyme inhibition by amino acids and thek derivatives have been reviewed (111). 

Leguminosae (legume) Glycine maxMerri// United States, Brazil, People s Repubflc edible oil, animal feed, food. 

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