Legume family

Zn crops and trees such as rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, cotton, rape, apple, pearl, peach trees, soybean, some crops in legume family North China Plain, North West China Turkey, India, Irag, Mexico, and Pakistan South/Western Australia... 

The beanlike seeds of the trees and shrubs of the genus Erythrina, a member of the legume family, contain substances that possess curare-like activity. The plants are widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical areas of the American continent, Asia, Africa, and Australia, but apparently they are not used by the natives in the preparation of arrow poisons. Of 105 known species, the seeds from more than 50 have been tested, and all were found to contain alkaloids with curariform properties. Erythroidine, from E. americana, was the first crystalline alkaloid of the group to be isolated. It consists of at least two isomeric alkaloids, a and P-erythroidine both are dextrorotatory. Most experimental and clinical study has centered on the b form because it is more readily obtainable in pure state. P-Erythroidine is a tertiary nitrogenous base. Several hydrogenated derivatives of p-erythroidine have been prepared of these, dihydro-P-erythroidine has been studied most carefully and subjected to clinical trial. Conversion of P-erythroidine into the quaternary metho salt (p-erythroidine methiodide) does not enhance, but rather almost entirely, abolishes its curariform activity this constitutes a notable exception to the rule that conversion of many alkaloids into quaternary metho salts results in the appearance of curare-like action. 

The faba bean, also known as field bean, horse bean and broad bean, is an annual legume that grows well in cool climates. It is well established as a feedstuff for horses and ruminants and is now receiving more attention as a feedstuff for poultry, particularly in Europe, because of the deficit in protein production. At the current time, the EU uses over 20 million t of protein feeds annually, but produces only 6 million t. The most suitable expansion in locally produced protein feedstuffs may be from crops of the legume family (beans, peas, lupins and soybeans). Field beans grow well in regions with mild winters and adequate summer rainfall and the beans store well for use on-farm. 

The plentiful occurrence of these galactomannans in certain members of the legume family, and the widespread (perhaps universal) distribution of the raffinose oligosaccharides in legumes, make it tempting to suggest that there may be a close biogenetic relationship between these two types of saccharide. 

CROSS-REACTIVITY AMONG PEANUT AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE LEGUME FAMILY... 

Doyle, J.J. (1994) Phylogeny of the Legume family an approach to understanding the origins of nodulation. Anna. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 25, 325-49. 

Legumes or beans are species of plants in the family Fabaceae (also known as Leguminoseae). The legume family is very large, containing about 12,000 species and 440 genera with species occurring on all of the habitable continents. 

Many species in the legume family are indigenous to the natural plant communities of North America. Numerous other species of legumes have been introduced by humans from Eurasia, Africa, and elsewhere and are now naturalized in suitable habitats in North America. The introduced plants are mostly species that are grown in agriculture or horticulture and were able to escape from cultivation and establish wild populations. 

Many tree-sized species in the legume family are valuable for their hard, durable timber. North American species are relatively minor in this respect, although the Kentucky coffee tree, black locust, and honey locust are used as lumber to some degree. 

Some important dyes are extracted from species in the legume family. One of the world s most important, natural dyes is indigo, extracted from the foliage of the indigo Indigofera tinctoria) of south Asia and to a lesser degree from American indigo (/. suffruticosa) of tropical... 

Tendril— A spirally winding, clinging organ that is used by climbing plants to attach to their supporting substrate. In the legume family, tendrils are derived from modified leaflets. 

Modified Stipules.—In some plants such as the Locust and several other trees and shrubs of the Legume family, the stipules become modified for defensive purposes as spines or prickles. In the Sarsaparilla-yielding plants and other species of the genus Smilax they undergo modification into tendrils which are useful in climbing. 

The nonstructural polysaccharides are primarily storage polysaccharides. The main stor e polysaccharide in legumes is starch. In contrast to other members of the legume family, SB contain little starch. Where beans, lentils, and peas may contain as much as 40 -60% (DMB) starch (Bednar et al., 2001), SB and SBM tend to contain less than 5% (DMB) starch. Starch concentration in SB and SBM is dependent on the cultivar used and its range may be 0.2-2.7% (Wilson et al., 1978 Irish Bal-nave, 1993 Bach Knudsen, 1997 Gdala et al., 1997 Thomas et al., 2003). 

N,N-DMT is a naturally occuring alkaloid of many members of the legume family (Fish 1955) (Ghosal 1966) (lacobucci 1964) (Pachter 1959) and also occurs as an endogenous neurochemical in the brain (Christian 1976 1977). N,N-DMT is a hallucinogen. N,N-DPT is non-hallucinogenic, has been used in psychotherapy (Soskin 1973) and in terminal patients (Richards 1978). 

Table 1.9 General botanical characteristics of the Legume family Botanical Forms and Parts Characteristics...

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