Fish meal

The term vitamin K2 was applied to 2-methyl-3-difarnesyl-l,4-naphthoquinone, m.p. 54 C, isolated from putrefied fish meal. It now includes a group of related natural compounds ( menaquinones ), differing in the number of isoprene units in the side chain and in their degree of unsaturation. These quinones also appear to be involved in the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. 

Fisher weight Fishing lines Fishing rods Fish meal Fish oil Fish oils Fish paste... 

In the United States, more than 16.3 x 10 kg of human-inedible raw materials are available each year, and the rendering industry is a valuable asset in diverting these into valuable ingredients for use primarily in animal foods (4). The three largest meat packers are responsible for nearly four-fifths of aU red meat production (5) and enormous amounts of rendered meat meal and animal fat. Three broiler producers account for about 40% of the total broiler production. American Proteins, Inc. (RosweU, Georgia), the world s largest processor of poultry by-products, produces more than 450,000 t of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat each year. It also produces more than 100,000 t of fish meal, fish oil, and fish products each year. Pish meal production worldwide in 1986 was estimated at 6.23 x 10 t, which with the 125 x 10 t of meat and bone meal plus 6.67 x 10 t of feather meal and poultry by-product meal (6) is the primary source of animal proteins used by the pet food industry. 

Legume forages, such as alfalfa or clover, are considered high quaHty, readily available protein sources. Animal sources of supplemental protein include meat and bone meal blood meal, 80% CP fish meal other marine products and hydroly2ed feathermeal, 85—90% CP. Additionally, synthetic amino acids are available commercially. Several sources (3,9,19) provide information about the protein or amino acid composition of feedstuffs. 

Corn, milo Soybean meal Rapeseed meal Fish meal... 

Tapioca, rice To 0 Corn, fish meal 1 Soybean meal ... 

Free substitution of protein meals ia feeds is much more restricted than interchange of oils ia foods. Because of a good balance of essential amino acids, soybean meal is an indispensable ingredient for efficient feeding of nonmminants, eg, poultry and swine. Soybeans provide ca 60% of the world s protein meals, including fish meal (Table 14). Of the 30.0 x 10 t of soybean meal produced in the United States in 1994—1995, 24.2 x 10 t was used domestically, primarily in feeds, and 5.7 x 10 t was exported (50). In the United States, poultry consume the largest share of soybean meal, followed by swine. Lesser amounts are fed to beef and dairy catde. Soybean meal is a principal ingredient in many pet foods (see Feeds and feed additives). 

As the name implies, these operations, if uncontrolled, can cause a serious air pollution problem. The main problem is the odors associated with the process. Examples of such industries are tanning works, rendering plants, and many of the food processing plants such as fish meal plants. In most cases, the emissions of particulates and gases from such plants are not of concern, only the odors. Requiring these industries to locate away from the business or residential areas is no longer acceptable as a means of control. 

Dam, along with Karrar of Zurich, isolated the pure vitamin from alfalfa as a yellow oil. Another form, which was crystalline at room temperature, was soon isolated from fish meal. These two compounds were named vitamins Kj and K2. Vitamin K9 can actually occur as a family of structures with different chain lengths at the C-3 position. 

Fisch-kdmer, n.pl. Indian berries (cocculus indicus). -leim, m. fish glue, isinglass, Pharm.) ichthyocolla. -lelmgummi, n. sar-cocolla. -mehl, n. fish meal, -dl, n. fish oil ichthyol. -olselfe, /. fish oil soap, -schwanz,... 

Nitrogen sources include proteins, such as casein, zein, lactalbumin protein hydrolyzates such proteoses, peptones, peptides, and commercially available materials, such as N-Z Amine which is understood to be a casein hydrolyzate also corn steep liquor, soybean meal, gluten, cottonseed meal, fish meal, meat extracts, stick liquor, liver cake, yeast extracts and distillers solubles amino acids, urea, ammonium and nitrate salts. Such inorganic elements as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium and chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and combinations of these anions and cations in the form of mineral salts may be advantageously used in the fermentation. 

This, then, was the scene in which SCP projects were planned in Europe. The need for alternative foods and feedstuffs was clear and, in the UK and elsewhere, oil and gas seemed a plentiful and cheap resource from which to produce them. North Sea gas fields were being exploited and research had shown that natural gas or its derivatives could be used to produce SCP feed of superior protein content to conventional feedstuffs. The economics of such processes seemed very promising. In 1971 the European prices for fish meal and soya meal were 200 and 100 per ton respectively. In 1973 oil price rises and a failure in the Peruvian fish meal supply pushed these prices up to 550 and 300 respectively. With such prices for the major feedstuffs it was considered that SCP feeds could be produced competitively. 

Microbial insecticides are very complex materials in their final formulation, because they are produced by fermentation of a variety of natural products. For growth, the bacteria must be provided with a source of carbon, nitrogen, and mineral salts. Sufficient nutrient is provided to take the strain of choice through its life cycle to complete sporulation with concomitant parasporal body formation. Certain crystalliferous bacilli require sources of preformed vitamins and/or amino acids for growth. Media for growing these bacilli may vary from completely soluble, defined formulations, usable for bench scale work, to rich media containing insoluble constituents for production situations (10,27). Complex natural materials such as cottonseed, soybean, and fish meal are commonly used. In fact, one such commercial production method (25) is based on use of a semisolid medium, a bran, which becomes part of the final product. 

Guerrero, L., Omil, F., Mendez, R., and Lema, J.M., Treatment of saline wastewaters from fish meal factories in an anaerobic filter under extreme ammonia concentrations, Biores. Technol., 61, 69-78, 1997. 

Hair Faroe Islands number of fish meals per week ... 

Prescribed limits for arsenic in feedstuffs Straight feedstuffs, except those listed below Meals from grass, dried lucerne, or dried clover Phosphate mealstuffs Fish meals Tissue residues Poisoned Liver, kidney <2 mg total As/kg FW (Vreman etal. 1986) <4 mg total As/kg FW (Vreman et al. 1986) <10 mg total As/kg FW (Vreman etal. 1986) <10 mg total As/kg FW (Vreman etal. 1986) 5->10 total As/kg FW (Thatcher et al. 1985 Vreman et al. 1986)... 

As it can be seen from Table 1 the biggest loses of protein and fat are observed in fish oil and fish meal production. In wastewater the concentration of protein and fat can reach 2.6% and 4%, respectively. 

There are two possibilities dry feed - e.g., fish meal and liquid feed -e.g., fish silage (protein hydrolyzates) [7]. In this research the utilization of sludge for fish silage production has been investigated. 

Another consideration is that fish, particularly bottom feeders and Crustacea pick up contaminants when sediments enter their gills and the contamination of these creatures has definite toxicological implications both for the creatures themselves, for man who eats them and, in the case of fish meal, for animals. 

The offensive odor emitted by fish meal processing plants is due mainly to aliphatic amines. The degree of environmental damage can be measured from a correlation between... 

Some experiences with olfactometric measurements in connection with odour abatement processes, mainly in sewage sludge and waste water treatment plants and in the fish meal industry, are presented. Studies have been carried out to calculate the efficiency of various odour reducing Methods. The additional information provided by the measurements was of practical use for the management of the process to improve odour reducing efficiency. 

In general the main sources of odour emission in Norway are fish meal plants, pulp and paper mills, and plants for the treatment of sewage sludge and waste water. Investigations have been carried out in these and other branches of the industry, i.e. the food industry. 

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