Fertilizers, mineral

The most important mineral fertilizers are those that contain phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium. Only these will be considered in the following sections. Their manufacture is quantitywise the most important chemical production. 

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Agriculture Soil stabilization microencapsulation of mineral fertilizers, fungicides, and herbicides... 

The pesticide storage situation in the 1960-70s was typical of what was found in Uzbekistan only 40% of 1082 storehouses met health and hygiene requirements [A62]. Towards the end of the 1980s, only 75% of the pesticides used in the USSR were provided with storehouses [1]. A significant number of the chemical substance storehouses (20% in Russia, 23% in Ukraine) did not meet elementary health requirements. In Azerbaijan, there were no specialized storehouses for pesticides at all - these chemicals were being stored together with mineral fertilizers [19]. From that time on, very little has changed. 

There are several studies on the effect of fertilization on product composition. However, they were of limited scope because they do not provide clear answers on the effect of farming systems on composition. Bourn and Prescott (2002) made a comprehensive review on this subject and, overall, the studies suggested that the use of organic fertilizers may result in lower nitrate concentration for some crops and some cultivars than when using more soluble mineral fertilizers. Based on the observed large variations, they emphasized the strong influence of climatic conditions on nitrogen, nitrate and mineral content, as well as fertilizer treatments. 

Another class of environmentally hazardous projects comprises finished stores of toxic, explosive, and flammable substances. In Ukraine, it comprises depositaries of benzene, petroleum, and oil products, ammonia, inorganic acids, rubber resin, pesticides, mineral fertilizers, and many other materials. The quantities of substances kept in those stores amount to tens and hundreds of tons. Many of them are situated near beds of potable water bodies. Besides being environmentally hazardous, they present attractive targets for terrorist acts, since in case of their damage the chemical contamination of the environment may spread over vast territories and water areas creating an extremely dangerous situation for the population. 

The increased growth response documented in almost all the solarization studies is mainly due to the above-cited higher levels of macronutrients or the improved uptake of micronutrients solubilized by humic substances (Chen and Aviad 1990 Chen et al. 1991). As a consequence of the enhancing effect of solarization on soil nutrients, Flores et al. (2007) suggested the application of low rates of mineral fertilizers before heating soil, in order to avoid an increased vegetative growth of the plants at the expense of crop yield. 

Flores P, Castellar I, Hellin P, Fenoll J, Navarro J (2007) Response of pepper plants to different rates of mineral fertilizers after soil biofumigation and solarization. J Plant Nutr 30 367-379. doi 10.1080/01904160601171264... 

Dilly O, Nannipieri P (2001) Organic and mineral fertilization, respectively, increase and decrease the development of external mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a long-term field experiment. Biol Fert Soils 34 64-72... 

Field trials to evaluate the N efficiency in terms of comparative yield or N uptake, respectively, relative to control or mineral fertilized plots... 

The European Climate Change Program insisting of the C sequestration, the reduced production/application of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the improved water retention, and workability. 

According to modem standards mineral fertilizers are partitioned into two groups standardized and non-standardized. The standardized fertilizers include nitrogen, phosphoms, potassium, complex, and micro-fertilizers that contain the nutrients at the standard basis. The non-standardized fertilizers are municipal wastewater effluents, municipal solid wastes, polluted river waters used for irrigation, etc., which are not characterized by standard content of nutrients. However one should add that in all fertilizers including standardized type there are the admixtures, which pollute the agrolandscape. The known examples are phosphoms fertilizers and any municipal waste and wastewater with a pool of heavy metals and various organic pollutants. 

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