South China Sea

Steel piled jackets are the most common type of platform and are employed in a wide range of sea conditions, from the comparative calm of the South China Sea to the hostile Northern North Sea. Steel jackets are used in water depths of up to 150 metres and may support production facilities a further 50 metres above mean sea level. In deep water all the process and support facilities are normally supported on a single jacket, but in shallow seas it may be cheaper and safer to support drilling, production... 

Market forces determine the demand for a product, and the demand will be used to forecast the sales of hydrocarbons. This will be one of the factors considered by some governments when setting the production targets for the oil company. For example, much of the gas produced in the South China Sea is liquefied and exported by tanker to Japan for industrial and domestic use the contract agreed with the Japanese purchaser will drive the production levels set by the National Oil Company. 

Wang Y, Gu J-D (2006) Degradation of dimethyl isophthalate by Viarovorax paradoxus T4 isolated from deep-ocean sediment of South China Sea. J Human Ecol Risk Assess 12 236-247... 

DDT and DDE observations Iwataetal(1993)determinedconcentratonsofDDT in in the air and surface water from various oceans in 1989-1990. The routes of the ship cruises among others covered the Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, North Pacific, East China Sea, South China Sea, North Atlantic ocean, Bay of Bengal, and the Southern ocean. 

Both observations and model results show a decrease in concentration from lower to higher latitude. For DDT, modeled concentrations, ranging between 6 and 700 pg/m3, are higher than observed ones (Table 3.3), except in the Caribbean Sea and the South China Sea. Observed concentrations range between 0.9 and 250 pg/m3. In the Bay of Bengal model results show a mean concentration of 712.5 pg/m3, whereas the observed mean value is 250 pg/m3. The model prediction lies within... 

South China Sea, Champion 41, Blowout, Fire Failure of subsea wellhead, jacket severely damaged... 

Yang Ry et ai. Lactones from a brown alga endophytic fungus (No. ZZF36) from the South China Sea and their antimicrobial activities, BioorgMed Chem Lett 16 4205-4208, 2006. 

The new red algal species Laurencia mariannensis from the Great Barrier Reef provides the novel sesquiterpene 297, along with the known pacifenol and deoxy-prepacifenol, which are now fully characterized by NMR for the first time (539). The Philippine Laurencia majuscula has furnished 13 novel halogenated sesquiterpenes 298-310, of which the major components are the majapolenes A (298, 299) (two diastereomers), which are also found in Laurencia caraibica (540). Most of these compounds occur as inseparable diastereomers. A collection of Laurencia majuscula from the South China Sea has yielded the cedrene-type sesquiterpene majusin (311) (541). A new sesquiterpene dichloroimine, stylotellane A (312), was isolated from the sponge Stylotella aurantium (Fig. 3.3) (542). 

A study of Laurencia tristicha from the South China Sea has discovered the hydroxylated aplysins, 10-hydroxyepiaplysin (406) and 10-hydroxyaplysin (407) (602), and 4-bromo-l,l-epoxylaur-ll-ene (408), which was previously synthesized but not found naturally (603). Laurencia microcladia from the North Aegean Sea has yielded the new 409 and 410, which exhibit significant cytotoxicity against two lung cancer cell lines (604). This red alga also contains the dimeric cyclolaurane 411 (595). An East China Sea collection of Laurencia okamurai has led to the isolation of the novel laureperoxide (412) and 10-bromoisoaplysin (413)... 

Reef provided 920-922, and the absolute configuration of the latter metabolite was established as shown (985). Dysidea fragilis from the South China Sea has yielded dysamide D (923) (986), and Dysidea chlorea from Micronesia afforded 12 new polychlorinated diketopiperazines, dysamides I-T (924—935) (987). In addition, this study (987) confirmed the structure of dysamide E (936) (988). Based on previous assignments the absolute configurations of 924—936 are believed to be those indicated. A Pacific Ocean collection of Dysidea sp. provided dysamide U (937), which is the first trichlorinated member of the diketopiperazine family to be identified (989). 

Manzo E, Ciavatta ML, Gavagnin M, Mollo E, Guo Y-W, Cimino G (2004) Isocyanide Terpene Metabolites of Phyllidiella pustulosa, a Nudibranch from the South China Sea. J Nat Prod 67 1701... 

Qi S-H, Zhang S, Huang H, Xiao Z-H, Huang J-S, Li Q-X (2004) New Briaranes from the South China Sea Gorgonian Junceella juncea. J Nat Prod 67 1907... 

Fu X, Zeng L-M, Su J-Y, Pais M (1997) A New Diketopiperazine Derivative from the South China Sea Sponge Dysidea fragilis. J Nat Prod 60 695... 

Wan J, Lin Y-C, Wu X-Y, Zhou S-N, Vrijmoed LLP (2001) Avicennin A, a New Isocoumarin from Mangrove Entophytic Fungus No. 2533 from the South China Sea. Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban 40 127... 

Ryabushko, V.I. and Propp, L.N. (1985). Respiration and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion by echinoderms from the South China Sea (In Russian). Biologiya Morya (6), 42-46. 

Table 5.5. Comparison of the accuracies of the Method of Self-Organizing Models (MSOM) and differential approximation algorithms from results of retrieval of water level oscillations at the boundary of the Nyok Ngot lagoon (South Vietnam) with the South China Sea. From Bui (2001). Notation At is the time step, and e is the error (%).

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