Blood meal processing

The intrinsic life cycle begins when a female mosquito takes a blood meal. At this time, sporozoites that have matured in the mosquito s salivary glands are inoculated into the blood stream. These sporozoites migrate to the liver where they infect hepato-cytes and progress from early trophozoites to mature schizonts. This process is referred to as the exoerythrocytic cycle. Schizonts in the liver contain thousands of merozoites that are able to infect... 

Blood Meal is produced from clean, fresh animal blood exclusive of aU extraneous materials such as hair, stomach belchings, and urine, except as might occur unavoidably in good processing practices. The process used must be listed as a part of the product name such as conventional cooker dried, steam, spray, or hydrolyzed. 

Blood Meal Blood meal may be prepared by several different processes. Cooker-dried blood is produced in a conventional batch cooker. Spray-dried blood is a two-step procedure by which moisture is first removed by a low-temperature evaporator under vacuum until it contains approximately 30% solids and is then spray dried. Flash-dried blood meal is also a two-step process and is described in Figure 6. 

Care must be taken in the processing and purchasing of blood meal. These different processing methods produce different types of blood meal, which may vary in crude protein and amount and bioavailability of lysine and other amino acids (6, 7). 

Mosquitoes, are the most notorious carriers, or vectors, of disease and parasites. Female mosquitoes rely on warm-blooded hosts to serve as a blood meal to nourish their eggs. During the process of penetrating a host s skin with their long, sucking mouth parts, saliva from the mosquito is transferred into the bite area. Any viral, protozoan, or helminth infections carried in the biting mosquito can be transferred directly into the blood stream of its host. Among these are malaria, yellow fever, W. bancrofti (filariasis and elephantiasis), and D. immitis (heartworm). 

The incubation period of malaria is 10-35 days. The principal features of the life cycle (Fig. 14.1) of the malaria parasite must be known in order to understand its therapy. Female anopheles mosquitoes require a blood meal for egg production and in the process of feeding they inject salivary fluid containing... 

A European Council decision of 4 December 2000, which remains in force but under review, defined processed animal proteins as meat and bone meal, meat meal, bone meal, blood meal, dried plasma and other blood products, hydrolysed proteins, hoof meal, horn meal, poultry offal meal, dry greaves, fishmeal, dicalcium phosphate and gelatin. It directs that member states shall prohibit the use of processed animal proteins as food for farmed animals that are kept, fattened or bred for the production of food for human beings. Rshmeal may be given to non-ruminants, and the prohibition does not apply to milk and milk products. 

Blood from slaughter animals, which is processed into blood meal, blood plasma concentrate (cf. 12.6.1.10) and globin isolate. 

Protein-Based Substitutes. Several plant and animal-based proteins have been used in processed meat products to increase yields, reduce reformulation costs, enhance specific functional properties, and decrease fat content. Examples of these protein additives are wheat flour, wheat gluten, soy flour, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, textured soy protein, cottonseed flour, oat flour, com germ meal, nonfat dry milk, caseinates, whey proteins, surimi, blood plasma, and egg proteins. Most of these protein ingredients can be included in cooked sausages with a maximum level allowed up to 3.5% of the formulation, except soy protein isolate and caseinates are restricted to 2% (44). 

Blood flow to the GIT increases shortly after a meal and may last for several hours. Digestive processes in general seem to enhance blood flow to the tract. For the reasons discussed previously, however, coadministration of a drug with a meal would normally not be expected to improve drug absorption. Strenuous physical exercise appears to reduce blood flow to the tract and may reduce absorption rate. 

The liver is uniquely situated to process and distribute dietary nutrients because the venous drainage of the gut and pancreas passes through the hepatic portal vein before entry into the general circulation. Thus, after a meal, the liver is bathed in blood containing absorbed nutrients and elevated levels of insulin secreted by the pancreas. During the absorptive period, the liver takes up carbohydrates, lipids, and most amino acids. These nutrients are then metabolized, stored, or routed to other tissues. Thus, the liver smooths out potentially broad fluctuations in the availability of nutrients for the peripheral tissues. 

Meat and Bone Meal is the rendered product from mammal tissues, including bone, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach, and rumen contents, except in such amounts as may occur unavoidably in good processing practices. It shall contain a minimum of 4.0% phosphorous (P), and the calcium (Ca) level shall not be more than 2.2 times the actual phosphorous (P) level. 

About 2—3 hours after a meal, the liver begins to break down its glycogen stores by the process of glycogenolysis, and glucose is released into the blood. Glucose then can be taken up by various tissues and oxidized. 

The major process responsible for maintaining blood glucose 4 hours after the last meal is... 

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