Dietary legume

The beneficial effects of dietary fiber, including both soluble and iasoluble fiber, are generally recognized. Current recommendations are for daily iatakes of 20—35 g ia a balanced diet of cereal products, fmits, vegetables, and legumes. However, the specific preventive role of dietary fiber ia certaia diseases has beea difficult to estabUsh, ia part because dietary risk factors such as high saturated fat and high proteia levels are reduced as fiber levels iacrease. 

From a global view, plant protein sources (cereals, legumes, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits) have always been the primary source of dietary energy and protein for the majority of the world s population. In addition, in recent years, the use of vegetable protein products as sources of dietary protein, as supplements, and as extenders of more traditional animal protein sources has been increasing markedly in the developed countries. These factors are responsible for our interest in determining the effects of plant protein sources on the utilization of minerals in the human diet. 

Manganese gluconate [Mn(C H 0 )] is used as a food additive, a vitamin, and a dietary supplement (also manganese glycerophosphate). It is found in green leafy vegetables, legumes, (peas and beans), and brewer s yeast. 

Soybeans (Glycine max) are protein-rich legumes widely grown around the world as a food crop. They are the major dietary source of isoflavones, which are broken down in the intestine into the phytoestrogens genis-... 

Wehmeyer et al. (1969), Bower et al. (1988), and Amarteifio and Moholo (1998) reported the content of carbohydrate to be 23%, 24%, and 19%, respectively. These values have been obtained indirectly as the difference between 100% and the content of proteins, lipids, and minerals. Holse et al. (2010) found that the content of carbohydrate was dominated by total dietary fiber as it varied between 18.7% and 26.8% dm (Table 5.2). The majority of the dietary fiber is insoluble as only about 4% of the dietary fibers are soluble. Comparing the content of total dietary fiber of morama bean with the content of peanut (9% dm) and soybean (10% dm) (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2007), it appears that the morama bean has a considerably higher level of indigestible carbohydrates. Holse et al. (2010) also reported a very low starch content, which is in contrast to other legumes, in which starch is usually the most abundant carbohydrate... 

TMA is normally formed from dietary choline and lecithin, but also from TMA N-oxide by intestinal bacteria (Fig. 7.4.2). Choline bound to lecithin is present most abundantly in egg yolk, liver, kidney legumes, soy beans and peas. TMA N-oxide is present in considerable amounts in marine fish, amounting to approximately... 

Legume seeds -role in nitrogen fixation [NITROGEN FIXATION] (Vol 17) -source ofdietary fiber [DIETARY FIBER] (Vol 8) -source ofdietary fiber [DIETARY FIBER] (Vol 8)... 

The richest dietary sources of total iron are organ meats (liver and kidney), egg yolk, dried legumes, com, molasses and parsley. Liver is particularly valuable because of the high absorbability of its iron. However, only about 10% of dietary iron is absorbed. Iron deficiency anemia can be treated with soluble iron(II) compounds providing 200 mg in three or four daily divided doses. Oral iron(II) sulfate is the least expensive and is in wide use. Ascorbic acid increases the absorption efficiency of iron(II) sulfate. Parenteral administration of iron is used when oral iron is ineffective. Iron-dextran, a colloid formed from iron(III) chloride and an alkali-modified dextran, is one of several preparations available which has found extensive clinical use. It contains up to 28% Fe by weight and has a structural similarity to ferritin. Transfusion therapy may also be used in severe chronic anemia or acute hemorrhage. 

Franke AA, Custer LJ, Cerna CM, Narala K. 1995. Rapid FIPLC analysis of dietary phytoestrogens from legumes and from human urine. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 208 18-26. 

The most prevalent dietary isoflavones include genistein, daidzein, glyci-tein, biochanin A, and formononetin [Klejdus et al., 2007]. These compounds are primarily found in legumes where they occur as glucosides. This fact may affect the absorption rate of isoflavones and will be discussed in the next section. 

Calculation of the dietary intakes of estrogenic pesticides compared to the intakes of natural phytoestrogens present in soya and other legumes clearly shows that pesticides represent a drop in the ocean of dietary xenoestrogen intake (Table 10.3) (Shaw and McCully, 2000). 

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