Legumes Lupin seed

Sirtori CR, Lovati MR, Manzoni C, et al. (2004). Proteins of white lupin seed, a naturally isoflavone-poor legume, reduce cholesterolemia in rats and increase LDL receptor activity in HepG2 cells. J. Nutr., 134 18-23. 

Fermentation causes a general improvement in the nutritional value of legume seeds and may result in the breakdown of some of the antinutritional endogenous compounds. For example, Rhizopus oligosporus, used for fermentation step during the production of tempeh, decreases QAs content from seeds of L. campestris and L. mutabilis at levels of 95 % and 91 %, respectively [60]. In conclusion, the fermentation method could be a good alternative for debittering of lupines seed since it is faster, less expensive, and without environmental contamination. 

The composition of the major alkaloids of different lupine seed species is shown in Table 10.3. The main alkaloids of white lupine seeds are lupanine and albine, of blue lupine seeds lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine and of yellow lupine seeds lupinine and sparteine. The content of other toxic and antinutritional substances (lectins, trypsin inhibitors and phytates) in lupine seeds is similar to the content of other legume seeds. 

Site of alkaloid formation, transport, and accumulation. QA are formed in the aerial green parts of legumes, especially in the leaves (.9) In lupin leaves we succeeded in localizing the key enzymes of QA biosynthesis in the chloroplast (10, 11), where the formation of the precursor lysine also takes place. Like most of the processes that are located in the chloroplast, QA biosynthesis is regulated by light (.8) and QA formation fol lows a light-dependent diurnal rhythm (, 13). The alkaloids formed in the leaves are translocated via the phloem (13, 14) all over a lupin plant, so that all plant parts contain alkaloids. QA are accumulated and stored preferentially in epidermal and subepidermal tissues of stems and leaves (15, 16). Especially rich in alkaloids are the seeds, which may contain up to 5% (dry weight) alkaloid (equivalent to 200 mmol/ kg). ... 

Cheek, P. R. and Kelly, J. D. 1989. Metabolism, Toxicity and Nutritional Implications of Quinolizidine (Lupin) Alkaloids. In Recent Advances of Research in Antinutritional Factors in Legume Seeds Animal Nutrition, Feed Technology, Analytical Methods. Proceedings of the First International Work shop on Antinutritional Factors ANF) in legume seeds. November 23-25, 1988 (Huisman, J., Poel, T. F. van der and Liener, I. E. eds.), pp. 189-201. Agricultural University, Wageningen. 

Makri, E., Papalamprou, E., Doxastakis, G. (2005). Study of functional properties of seed storage proteins from indigenous European legume crops (lupin, pea, broad bean) in admixture with polysaccharides. Food Hydrocolloids, 19, 583-594. 

J Gueguen, P Cerletti. Proteins of some legumes seeds soybean, pea, fababean and lupin. In B Hudson, ed. New and Developing Sources of Food Proteins. London Chapman Hall, 1994, pp 145-160. 

Legume seeds, their product and by-products Chickpeas as seeds ervil as seeds chickling vetch as seeds submitted to an appropriate heat treatment peas as seeds, middlings and bran broad beans as seeds, middlings and bran horse beans as seeds, vetches as seeds and lupin as seeds... 

Warren-Wilson (285) has shown that the downward migration of the Atropa alkaloids is via the phloem, and experiments with lupines confirm this (271). Here the root content is determined lai ely by that of the aerial portion, as was shown by grafting bitter lupines on sweet lupines and on non-alkaloid bearing legume stock (271, 273). A similar migration to the seeds of a Pisum has been reported by others (272). 

Burton (1959) states that there are 25 cross-inoculation groups, but only 8 of these are of commercial importance. These are the alfalfa, clover, pea, bean, lupine, soybean, cowpea and lotus groups. Rhizobia cultures are available for other groups but are prepared only as needed. Burton estimates that approximately 42% of the legume seeds planted each year in the United States are inoculated. About 68% of the total inoculant produced is for soybeans, 19% for alfalfa and clovers, and 12% for all other legume seeds. 

Cereals, legumes (soy, lupine), tree nuts, meat, seeds, cookies... 

Cereal grains, cereal by-products (wheat milling by-products and gluten feed), legume and oil seeds (pea, lupin, faba bean, full fat rapeseed and full fat sunflower seed), oil seed meals (groundnut, rapeseed, linseed, sunflower, copra, sesame and soybean), dehydrated sugar beet pulp, dehydrated potato, carob and molasses. 

In blue lupin, xylem cytokinins which do reach the seed are largely confined to the seed coats. A similar but less marked situation occurs in soybean [5,7]. The seed coats of legume seeds thus appear to shield the embryos from even the very low amount and proportion of xylem cytokinins which reach the seed. However, the common cytokinin breakdown product, adenosine, appears to move readily from the xylem to embryo [5]. It is thus reasonable to conclude that xylem-derived cytokinins have little or no direct control over embryo development in legume seeds, which may be autonomous with respect to cytokinins. 

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