Crambe abyssinica

Fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, have found a variety of applications. Brassilic acid (1,11-un-decanedicarboxylic acid [BA]), an important monomer used in many polymer applications, is prepared from erucic acid (Scheme 2), obtained from rapeseed and crambe abyssinica oils by ozonolysis and oxidative cleavage [127]. For example, an oligomer of BA with 1,3-butane diol-lauric acid system is an effective plasticizer for polyvinylchloride. Polyester-based polyurethane elastomers are prepared from BA by condensing with ethylene glycol-propylene glycol. Polyamides based on BA are known to impart moisture resistance. 

The leaf flavonoids of the cruciferous species such as Camelina sativa, Crambe abyssinica, Crambe hispanica, Thlaspi arvense, Brassica napus and Sinapis alba were separated and identified with the combination of HPLC, TLC and paper chromatography. Llavonoid aglycones were extracted by cutting fresh three-week-old leaves in tiny pieces and boiled in 50 ml of 2 M HC1 for 45 min. 

Erucic acid, H00C(CH2) CH=CH(CH2)jCH, can be economically obtained from rapeseed ana crambe abyssinica oils and is potentially a major source of industrial materials. It can be ozonized to brassylic acid, HOOCCCH ), COOH, which is known to impart flexibility and moisture resistance to nylons. Here preliminary results of a study of brassylic acid as a monomer for polyester resin/melamine resin coatings are described. It is demonstrated that brassylic acid imparts good flexibility to such coatings. It is also shoim that brassylic acid is polymorphic. 

Peterson, C.J. Coss6, A. Coats, J.R. (2000) Insecticidal components in the meal of Crambe abyssinica. J. Agric. Urban Entomol., 17,27-36. 

Dealing with such problems and adopting methodologies to reduce any risk of crop contamination places additional labour, infrastructure and financial burdens on growers. To address such concerns it has been proposed that non-food crop plants unrelated to current food crops and native flora (to avoid risk of crosspollination) should be used as potential hosts for engineered industrial use traits. Crambe, (Crambe abyssinica) has been identified as a suitable model oil crop plant (EPOBIO 2007). Crambe is a plant that has already been commercialised on a relatively small scale to exploit its high erucic acid content. Elsewhere, safflower has been proposed as a potential candidate, as well as the use of algae, moss and the aquatic plant duck weed in contained bioreactor systems. 

S)-hydroxy-3- butenyl-CN housefly (M domestica) toxic upon contact isolated by bioassay guided fractionation of Crambe abyssinica seed meal, (R)-enantiomer less toxic 31... 

BROCKER, E.R., BENN, M.H., The intramolecular formation of epithioalkanenitriles from alkenylglucosinolates by Crambe abyssinica seed flour., Phytochemistry, 1983,22, 770-772. 

VAUGHN, S.F., BERHOW, M.A., l-Cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene, a phytotoxin from crambe (Crambe abyssinica) seedmeal., J. Chem. Ecol., 1998,24,1117-1126. 

However, the introduction of canola left unmet needs for erucic acid in industrial markets. High-erucic acid rapeseed then was imported from Northern Europe for extraction, followed by efforts to increase erucic acid contents in domestic industrial rapeseed as well as development of crambe (Crambe abyssinica) specifically for its erucic acid content. At the current state of development, equipment corrosion and poisoning of hydro-... 

New oilseed crops, currently studied as potential sources of specialty fatty acids, include Crambe abyssinica for erucic acid, Limnanthes alba for very long-chain fatty acids, Dimorphotheca pluvialis for dimor-phecolic acid, Lesquerella fendleri for les-querolic acid, Calendula officinalis for calendic acid, and Euphorbia lagascae and various Vernonia species for vernolic acid.194 The lowest cost sources (inedible fats and oils and palm oil fractions) are likely most likely to be exhausted first as world trade in industrial applications grows. Cornstarch is becoming a major feedstock for plastics production. This may compete with potential oil uses, but also will increase production of com oil. 

Crambe thionins Crambins Crambe abyssinica PM [hydrophobic]... 

B. juncea, and Crambe abyssinica (89) are not stimulated by ascorbate (90). The ascorbate-dependent (p/ == 5.55) and independent (p/ = 5.0) forms of S. alba enzyme have been separated by isoelectric focusing (90). It is not known whether these isoenzymes represent genetically independent species or modifications of a single genetic species. 

Crambe Crambe abyssinica, C. hispanicd). Present interest in this oil, particularly in North Dakota and in Holland, depends on the fact that it is a potential source of erucic acid (50-55%) that finds several industrial uses. This was once the major acid in rapeseed oU, but modem varieties of this seed produce a low-emcic oil (such as canola) suitable for food use. High-emcic rapeseed oil is stUl grown for industrial purposes, and attempts are being made to increase the level of this C22 acid from around 50% to over 65% and even to 90% by genetic engineering (22-23, 44, 99-102). 

The traditional source of erucic acid was rapeseed oil before this acid was bred out of that oil because of its reported adverse health effects. Most rapeseed oil now contains less than 2% of erucic acid. The two major sources of erucic acid are high-erucic rapeseed oil (HEAR) containing about 50% of erucic acid and crambe oil with 55-60% of erucic acid. As will be reported later (Section 9.4), attempts to produce a still higher erucic rapeseed oil are being made by genetic engineering. Crambe oil (from Crambe abyssinica) is grown most extensively in North Dakota and to a lesser extent in Holland. 

Crambin, a 46-peptide isolated from Crambe abyssinica (Abyssinian cabbage) belonging to a large family of thion-ins expressed differentially in different tissues of this organism. Crambin is non-toxic because it lacks crucial amino acid residues that were suggested to be necessary for membrane activity. Crambin has an a + /3 architecture consisting of a short -sheet and two a-helices [F. Ponz et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 1986, 156, 131 G. Schrader-Fisher, K. Apel, Mol. Gen. Genet. 1994, 245, 380]. 

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) and high-erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus) are oilseeds that contain large quantities of erucic acid 22 1 (A 13) as the main fatty acid component of the triglyceride. Crambe and high-erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) contain 59.5 and 42% erucic acid, respectively (2). HEAR has more oil in the seed (42% compared with 35% for crambe). Both oilseeds are in commercial production with acreage in the tens of thousands and are grown mainly in the northern plains of the U.S. and Canada as well as eastern Europe (3). 

The plant Crambe Abyssinica contains about 55% of erucic acid, and brassylic acid monomethyl ester is obtained from erucic acid methyl ester by ozonolysis. Treatment of the brassylic acid monoethyl ester with ammonium hydroxide/sulfuroxydichloride produces the nitrile, and this can be hydrogenated to the amine ... 

Although erucic acid (22 1 13c) is present in seed oils of most Cruciferae, reaching a level of 80% in nasturtium seed oil, the most important erucic-con-taining oils are those from rape, mustard and Crambe abyssinica (Sections 3.3.27, 3.3.21 and 3.3.11). The... 

Over the past decade the nature of commercial rapeseed and rapeseed oil has changed dramatically (Andersson, 1981). Rape, mustard (B. alba, B. nigra) and crambe (Crambe abyssinica) seed oils all belong to the same family, the Cruciferae. In the past, they have been grouped together because they all contained significant quantities of erucic acid. Some commercial rapeseed oils are now very different because of their low erucic acid content. The classification of rapeseed is given in Table 3.92. 

Elongation of fatty acids is important in two commercial oil seeds, rape and jojoba. Most varieties of rape accumulate large quantities of d5-13-docosenoic (erucic) acid in their seed triacylglycerols. This is formed by elongation of oleic acid and the reactions have been studied in rape and the closely related Crambe abyssinica (Appleby etaL, 1974). Elongation in jojoba (which accumulates lipid as wax esters) uses a system with oleoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as substrates. The enzymes involved have been studied in jojoba and other plants where very-long-chain fatty acids are synthesized (Pollard and Stumpf, 1980). 

Crambe abyssinica, 52, 65, 489 Crambe hispanicay 65 Crambe oil, 65 Crappie, fatty acids, 134 Crjanchiidae, wax esters, 147 Cream preparation, 224 Crepenynic acid, 13, 290 Crepis oils, 4,13,52,53 Criegee zwitterion, 463 Crude oils, 184,189,190,192,194 Crystallization, 171,179,214,368,470 Crystallization inhibitors, 214 Crystal structure, 321,325,327,343, 344-49, 370... 

For obvious reasons, studies on lipid content during seed or fruit development have concentrated on commercially important oil-rich seeds. Two excellent publications have reviewed much of the available data (Appelqvist, 1975 Hitchcock and Nichols, 1971). Plants which have been studied include the seeds of maize, Crambe abyssinica, rape, castor bean, soybean, flax, safflower, sunflower, white mustard, Crepis rubra, and Veronica anthelmin-tica and the fruits of the oil palm. Fat accumulation in oil-rich seeds generally occurs in three distinct stages. First, there is an interval of from 10 to 30 days after pollination when little fat accumulation takes place. This is followed by a stage of 2-5 weeks when a rapid increase in total lipid is observed. During the final stage, little change in lipid content occurs. 

Molecular Species of Triacylglycerols in the Mature Seed Oil of Crambe abyssinica ... 

Erucic acid is generally excluded from the sn-2 position of seed oil triglycerides (TAGs)of Brassicacea species. Stereospecific analyses ofBrassica juncea, B. napus, B. oleracea, B. rapa, Crambe abyssinica, Lunaria annua, Sinapis alba, and other wild Cruciferae (1-4) have not yet detected significant amounts of erucic acid in the sn-2 position. 

Fig. 3.17 (A) Changes in fatty acid composition of the triglycerides of soybeans during maturation. After Privett et al., 1973 [144]. (B) The influence of seed age on the incorporation of (2- C)-acetate into the seed-oil fatty acids of Crambe abyssinica. 16 0 palmitic, 16 1 palmitoleic, 18 1 oleic, 18 2 linoleic, 18 3 linolenic, 20 1 gadoleic, 22 1 erucic. After Appleby et al., 1974 [18]...

Tropaeolum spp Crambe abyssinica Arachis hypogaea Lactuca sativa... 

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