Lauric acid, structure

Therefore a special N-containing ether carboxylate was developed [36] with a high melting point ( 90°C) with a good foam and low hard water sensibility. This is obtained by condensation of a fatty acid (e.g., lauric acid) with diglycolamine, followed by carboxymethylation with NaOH and SMCA, washing out of the reaction mixture with a aqueous solution of a strong acid, separation of the oil layer, and neutralization with NaOH or KOH. The result is an ether carboxylate with exactly 2 EO units with the structure ... 

Using PTLC six major fractions of lipids (phospholipids, free sterols, free fatty acids, triacylglycerols, methyl esters, and sterol esters) were separated from the skin lipids of chicken to smdy the penetration responses of Schistosoma cercaria and Austrobilharzia variglandis [79a]. To determine the structure of nontoxic lipids in lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella typhimurium, monophosphoryl lipids were separated from these lipids using PTLC. The separated fractions were used in FAB-MS to determine [3-hydroxymyristic acid, lauric acid, and 3-hydroxymyristic acids [79b]. 

Soaps are composed of sodium salts of various fatty acids. These acids include those with the general structure CH3-(CH2) -COOH where n = 6 (caprylic acid), 8 (capric acid), 10 (lauric acid), 12 (myristic acid), 14 (palmitic acid), and 16 (stearic acid). Oleic acid (CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH) and linoleic acid (CH3-(CH2)4-CH=CH- H2-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH) are also common soap ingredients. These sodium salts readily dissolve in water, but other metal ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ form precipitates with the fatty acid anions. For example, the dissolution of the sodium salt of lauric acid and the subsequent formation of a precipitate of the lauric acid anion with calcium ion is given by... 

The molecular structure of lauric acid diethanolamine or lauramide... 

Recently the structure of Pigment Yellow 199, Const. No. 653200, was published. ft can be considered as a dicarbonamide of P.R. 177 with both amino groups substituted by lauric acid (CuH23COOH). 

As seen in Fig. 4.8, the adsorption of lauric acid (C12) is slow because of slow transport (diffusion) at concentrations smaller than 10 6 M. In case of Na+-caprylate (Cs) the attainment of equilibrium is delayed most probably by structural rearrangement at the surface. In case of anions, such association reactions are slower than with free acids. 

Hepatocytes isolated from male Wistar rats (180-250 g) were treated with 0.2 mM mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or 1 mM 2-ethylhexanol for 48 h (Gray et al., 1982). Both di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites increased carnitine acetyltransferase activity about nine-fold. In studies with hepatocytes from male Sprague-Dawley rats (180-220 g), treatment with 0.2 mM mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and 1.0 mM 2-ethylhexanol for 48 h resulted in induction of carnitine acetyltransferase activity about 15-fold and six-fold, respectively (Gray et al., 1983). Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was also shown to induce cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation and, by ultra-structural examination, to increase numbers of peroxisomes. Hepatocytes were isolated from Wistar-derived rats (180-220 g) and treated for 72 h with 0-0.5 mM mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and some mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (Mitchell etal., 1985). Treatment with mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and metabolites VI and IX (see Figure 1) resulted in a concentration-dependent induction of cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation. In addition, 0-0.5 mM mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and 0-1.0 mM metabolite VI produced concentration-dependent increases in lauric acid hydroxylation. Treatment with metabolites I and V resulted in only small effects on the enzymatic markers of peroxisome proliferation. In another study with hepatocytes from Wistar-derived rats (180-220 g), metabolite VI was shown by subjective ultrastructural examination to cause proliferation of peroxisomes (Elcombe Mitchell, 1986). 

Write the structure and calculate the molecular weight of (a) lauric acid, C12H2402, and (b) benzoic acid, C7H602. 

The specimens were treated according to the method of Nakagami and coworkers [17,18]. Japanese linden Tilia japonica Smik.) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride and the fatty acids (TFAA method), which included acetic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, decanoic acid, lauric acid, and palmitic acid. Dynamic measurements were made with a torsion pendulum apparatus under a vacuum. An increasing temperature rate was 2°C/min. The amount of introduced side chain per gram of wood is about 4-6 mmol/g [16]. The chemical structure of the treated wood is presented by the formula ... 

Lomer. Acta Cryst. 4, -324 (1951). x-ray crystal structure of lauric acid. 

The third structure shown in Figure 18 is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), often used by research workers for solubilizing proteins. It is a sulfate ester of the C12 alcohol dodecanol. Commercially, this alcohol is produced by reduction of coconut oil, and the resultant mixture is called lauryl alcohol (from lauric acid, the predominant fatty acid in coconut oU). The alcohol portion of sodium lauryl sulfate is a mixture of chain lengths, the approximate composition being 8% Cg, 7% Cjo, 48% C12, 20% Ci4, 10% C16, and small amounts of longer chains. In bakeries the most common use of sodium lauryl sulfate is as a whipping aid. The compound is added to liquid egg whites at a maximum concentration of 0.0125%, or to egg white solids at a level of 0.1 %. It promotes the unfolding of egg albumin at the air-water interface and the stabilization of the foam. 

The maximum oil length of an alkyd resin (before it becomes a resin-oil blend) depends on the molecular weight of the ingredients as well as the functionality of the polyol. If the C18 soy fatty acids in the above example is replaced with C12 lauric acid, the transition would be reached at 52.6% oil. On the other hand, if a tetra-hydroxyl polyol, such as pentaerythritol, replaces glycerol, the stoichiometry would allow 2 moles of fatty acids, for every 1 mole of phthalic anhydride and pentaerythritol. Thus theoretically, the maximum amount of soy fatty acids that may be chemically combined in the resin structure would be 70.9%, equivalent to a 74.1% oil length. 

When the structure of the initiator is very similar to that of the surroundings of the active end group, then the value of J , is very close to the value of 1 3. Such a case occurs in the polymerization of laurinolactam initiated with lauric acid [10, 11], the acidity of which is very close to that of the carboxyl group of a polymer molecule ... 

Fig. 1. Chemical structure of phosphonolipids (1) and arsonolipids (2). Arsonolipids (Ars) with R = lauric acid (Cl 2) myristic acid (Cl 4) palmitic acid (C16), and stearic acid (Cl 8) were used for ARSL construction...

Draw the structure of the phosphatidate formed between glycerol-3-phosphate that is esterified at C-1 and C-2 with capric and lauric acids, respectively. 

Vand V, Morley WM, Lomer TR (1951) The crystal structure of lauric acid. Acta Ciyst 4 324-329 Vlieg E, van der Veen IF, Macdonald JE, Miller M (1987) Angle calculations for a five-circle diffractometer used for surface X-ray diffraction. J Appl Ciyst 20 330-337 Warren BE (1990) X-Ray diffraction. Dover Publications, New York... 

Figure 8.4 The molecular structure of fatty acids (a) lauric acid and a simplified diagram of a fatty acid with a nonpolar tail and a polar head.

Figure 8.26 Structure of the lauric acid crystal form A-super and the relations with the A-form, after von Sydow (1956) and Lomer (1965). If the structure unit is equivalent to the two molecules denoted 1 and 2, the crystal structure of the A-form is obtained.

The crystal structure of the C-form of lauric acid was the first fatty acid structure determined (Vand et al., 1951). The structure is of the usual bilayer type with the chains arranged to the orthorhombic chain packing. The structure of the C -form of undecanoic acid has also been determined (Fig. 8.30) (von Sydow, 1956b). It is strictly isostructural with that of the C-form. The molecular arrangement in the bilayer is thus the same with the end group plane related to the chain-packing subcell according to O i (021). 

The crystal structure of the C-form (Larsson, 1962) was determined for comparison with the C-form of lauric acid. The only significant difference observed was a closer packing of the ft>-bromine atoms over the end group gap than of methyl end groups (a difference of 0.1 A). 

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