Propylene glycol content

Propylene Glycol Content of Commonly Utilized Intravenous Medications 1 2 3 4 5... 

Pregnancy Category C. Amprenavir oral solution is contraindicated during pregnancy because of the potential risk of toxicity to the fetus from the high propylene glycol content. Therefore, if amprenavir is used in pregnant women, use the capsule formulation. 

Megrab et al. (1995) measured the uptake of estradiol into stratum corneum from saturated and supersaturated solutions in various propylene glycol-water vehicles. As propylene glycol content in saturated solutions increased, so did uptake of estradiol. As degree of supersaturation increased, so also did the uptake ratio. In addition, the flux of estradiol across the... 

The concentrations of licensed medications may be too high, necessitating further manipulation in the form of dilution with an excipient. However, when the concentration is low, the dose volume may be too large for some children. The excipients in many liquid formulations may not be suitable for selected patient groups. For example, the propylene glycol content in amprenavir liquid formulation makes it unsuitable for children under 4 years of age. Severe delayed-onset hypersensitivity reaction was associated with formulation of amoxicillin liquid the reaction may have been caused by the exicipent (Chopra et ai, 1989). Sweeteners, dyes and other excipients may cause adverse reactions and should be identified and restricted in paediatric formulations (Kumar et ai, 1996). Some clinical studies have been directed to ascertain the effect of drug concentration and frequency of... 

Figure 3 Variation of dynamic viscosity with propylene glycol content (Xpg) in propylene glycol - water mixture. Data measured at 22°C...

Organic volatile impurities. Method I < 467 > Alcohol and propylene glycol content... 

Pet Foods and Commercial Animal Feeds. Eor many years, it has been known that stable, long-shelf-life, intermediate-moisture pet foods can be prepared through the use of 0.1—0.3 wt % sorbates. In these products, the antimicrobial effectiveness of sorbates is enhanced by a combination of moderate heat treatment, pH adjustment, and reduced water activity via humectants such as propylene glycol, or by adjusting sugar and salt content. These techniques have been reviewed extensively (138,139). 

Hydroxy-terminated polyester (HTPS) is made from diethylene glycol and adipic acid, and hydroxy-terminated polyether (HTPE) is made from propylene glycol. Hydroxy-terminated polyacetylene (HTPA) is synthesized from butynediol and paraformaldehyde and is characterized by acetylenic triple bonds. The terminal OH groups of these polymers are cured with isophorone diisocyanate. Table 4.3 shows the chemical properties of typical polymers and prepolymers used in composite propellants and explosives.E4 All of these polymers are inert, but, with the exception of HTPB, contain relatively high oxygen contents in their molecular structures. 

Diethylene glycol or propylene glycol alone can also be used as antifreeze coolants, but they are more likely to be mixed with ethylene glycol. Their addition is usually restricted to a small percentage of the total glycol content. 

Fumaric and itaconic acids are also used as the diacid component. Most reaction formulations involve a mixture of a saturated diacid (iso- and terephthalic, adipic) with the unsaturated diacid or anhydride in appropriate proportions to control the density of crosslinking (which depends on the carbon-carbon double-bond content of the prepolymer) for specific applications [Parker and Peffer, 1977 Selley, 1988], Propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, diethylene glycol, and bisphenol A are also used in place of ethylene glycol as the diol component. Aromatic reactants are used in the formulation to improve the hardness, rigidity, and heat resistance of the crosslinked product. Halogenated reactants are used to impart flame resistance. 

Propylene glycol is also an effective humectant and increases the water content of the stratum corneum. The hygroscopic characteristics of the agent may help it to develop an osmotic gradient through the stratum corneum, thereby increasing hydration of the outermost layers by drawing water out from the inner layers of the skin. 

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