Laundry

Just as it is with laundry, drying often follows washing and is used to rid the solvent of any water that it absorbed. All solvents absorb some water although you can t see it. It is a good idea to rid the solvent/product of any water, especially before distillation, because it s one less thing to worry about and because there is an off-chance that water may form a slight amount of byproduct when heated with product oil under distillation conditions. 

Laudanum Laumontite Laundering fastness Launder-ometer test Laundries Laundry bleaches Laundry bluing Laundry cleaners Laundry products Laundry sour Laur amide... 

Water-Soluble Films. Water-soluble films can be produced from such polymers as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), methylceUulose, poly(ethylene oxide), or starch (qv) (see Cellulose ethers Polyethers Vinyl polymers). Water-soluble films are used for packaging and dispensing portions of detergents, bleaches, and dyes. A principal market is disposable laundry bags for hospital use. Disposal packaging for herbicides and insecticides is an emerging use. 

Nonfood packaging categories include dmgs and pharmaceuticals, textile goods, bags (merchandise, shipping, carry-out, T-shirt, and laundry), shrink wrap, stretch wrap, clear boxes, and many more. 

Detergent Applications. The primary function of FWAs in the laundry process is to whiten fabric load and maintain the original appearance of the white, laundered articles. Laundering is characterized by repeated appHcation to the same item. Fluorescent whiteners used in this repetitive process have to compensate for the reduction in whiteness and contribute toward prolongation of the usefiil life of the textile material. 

Ammonium bifluoride is used as a sour or neutralizer for alkalies in commercial laundries and textile plants. Treatment also removes iron stain by forming colorless ammonium iron fluorides that are readily rinsed from the fabric (17). 

Fluoridation of potable water suppHes for the prevention of dental caries is one of the principal uses for sodium fluoride (see Water, municipal WATER treatment). Use rate for this appHcation is on the order of 0.7 to 1.0 mg/L of water as fluoride or 1.5 to 2.2 mg/L as NaF (2). NaF is also appHed topically to teeth as a 2% solution (see Dentifrices). Other uses are as a flux for deoxidiziag (degassiag) rimmed steel (qv), and ia the resmelting of aluminum. NaF is also used ia the manufacture of vitreous enamels, ia pickling stainless steel, ia wood preservation compounds, caseia glues, ia the manufacture of coated papers, ia heat-treating salts, and as a component of laundry sours. 

Sodium bifluoride, by itself or ia conjunction with other materials, is a good laundry sour because, ia the concentrations used, it does not create a pH below 4.0 and thus causes no damage to textile fibers, although it removes iron stains. Leather (qv) bleaching and cleaning of stone and brick building faces are other uses for this material (3). 

Lighter C —Cg a-olefias and Cg branched olefins are converted by the oxo process into fatty acids containing one carbon number greater than the starting a-olefin. These fatty acids are then used to produce alkenylhen enesulfonic acid products which are used ia the United States and ia Europe as perborate bleach activators ia heavy-duty laundry detergents. 

Liquid Fabric Softeners. The principal functions of fabric softeners are to minimize the problem of static electricity and to keep fabrics soft (see Antistatic agents). In these laundry additives, the fragrance must reinforce the sense of softness that is the desired result of their use. Most fabric softeners have a pH of about 3.5, which limits the materials that can be used in the fragrances. For example, acetals cannot be used because they break down and cause malodor problems in addition, there is the likelihood of discoloration from Schiff bases, oakmoss extracts, and some specialty chemicals. Testing of fragrance materials in product bases should take place under accelerated aging conditions (eg, 40°C in plastic bottles) to check for odor stabiUty and discoloration. 

This reaction is the basis for the Fluff detergent process (26). The heat evolved coupled with the hydration of the STP is sufficient to dry the reaction mass to yield a light density laundry detergent. Requiring a low capital investment, the Fluff process has found use in less-industrialized countries. 

About 264,000 metric tons of elemental capacity is available in North America, plus another 79,000 t (P equivalent) of purified wet phosphoric acid (14). About 85% of the elemental P is burned to P2 5 hydrated to phosphoric acid. Part of the acid (ca 21%) is used direcdy, but the biggest part is converted to phosphate compounds. Sodium phosphates account for 47% calcium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates account for 17%. Pinal apphcations include home laundry and automatic dishwasher detergents, industrial and institutional cleaners, food and beverages, metal cleaning and treatment, potable water and wastewater treatment, antifree2e, and electronics. The purified wet acid serves the same markets. 

H. B. May, H. Nijs, and V. Godechades, "Phosphonates Multihmctional Ingredients for Laundry Detergents," 59th Annual Convention of the Soap and Detergent Association, Boca Raton, Fla., 1986. 

About 20,000 tons of ultramarines are produced worldwide. The largest manufacturers are Dainichi Seika (Japan), Nubiola (Spain), and Reckitts Colours International (RCI) based in Hull (U.K.), where Isaac Reckitt first began making laundry blue in the 1850s. HoUiday Chemical Hoi dings (HCH of Huddersfield, U.K.) purchased RCI in 1994 (43). 

Ultramarine pigments ate used in printing inks, textiles, mbber, artists colors, cosmetics, and laundry bluing. Because of their thermal stabiHty they are also used to color roofing granules. 

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