Containing fatty acids

Natural mbber usually contains sufficient levels of naturally occurring fatty acids to solubilize the zinc salt. However, if these fatty acids are first extracted by acetone, the resultant "clean" natural mbber exhibits a much lower state of cure. Therefore, to ensure consistent cure rate, fatty acids are usually added. Synthetic mbbers, especially the solution polymers, do not contain fatty acids and requite thein addition to the cure system. 

A variety of cellular and viral proteins contain fatty acids covalently bound via ester linkages to the side chains of cysteine and sometimes to serine or threonine residues within a polypeptide chain (Figure 9.18). This type of fatty acyl chain linkage has a broader fatty acid specificity than A myristoylation. Myristate, palmitate, stearate, and oleate can all be esterified in this way, with the Cjg and Cjg chain lengths being most commonly found. Proteins anchored to membranes via fatty acyl thioesters include G-protein-coupled receptors, the surface glycoproteins of several viruses, and the transferrin receptor protein. 

Sweat residues These contain fatty acids and sodium chloride, and increase the risk of corrosion after handling. Components should be washed in a solution of 5% water in methanol. 

The metabolism of VLDL is very similar to that of chylomicrons, the major difference being that VLDL are assembled in hepatocytes to transport triglyceride containing fatty acids newly synthesized from excess glucose, or retrieved from the chylomicron remnants, to adipose tissue and musde. ApoB-100 is added in the hepatocytes to mediate release into the blood. Like chylomicrons, VLDL acquire apoC-II and apoE from HDL in the blood, and are metabolized by lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue and musde. 

Lipids A class of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Complex lipids contain fatty acids attached to a backbone molecule such as glycerol. Simple lipids, such as carotene, are polymers of terpene. Lipids are used in organisms for energy storage. 

Saw palmetto Serenoa repens) is a dwarf American palm native to the extreme southeastern United States. A lipidosterolic extract of its berries contains fatty acids (especially lauric acid), phytosterols, monocylglycerides, and polysaccharides. Fatty acids constitute more than 80% of the extract and are thought to be the most clinically effective component. It is widely used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Tlie berries themselves are less well absorbed than the extract and are therefore believed to be less effective. 

Fats and oils usually contain fatty acids in their free form as a result of spontaneous hydrolysis of the parent TG compounds. These free fatty acids (FFAs) are usually linear molecules with 4—24 carbon atoms that may be saturated or unsaturated with typically 1-3 C=C double bonds. Other compounds, such as pigments, waxes, sterols, glycolipids, lipoproteins, hydrocarbons, long chain alcohols, carbohydrates and vitamins (E, A and D), can also be found in oils and fats in minor concentrations. 

Similar investigations with the related species Tegenaria pagana and Tegenaria domestica (Trabalon et al., 1997) determined that males of both species reacted to attractive females with longer contact times compared with that for unattractive or solvent-washed females. The response was species specific, and when pentane extracts were partitioned between pentane and methanol, most of the activity was found in the methanol fraction. The methanol fractions contained fatty acids and their methyl esters and showed quantitative differences between the two physiological states of the females with respect to myristic acid, methyl palmitate,... 

The polar lipids, with polar heads and nonpolar tails, are major components of membranes. The most abundant are the glycerophospholipids, which contain fatty acids esterified to two of the hydroxyl groups of glycerol, and a second alcohol, the head group, esterified to the third hydroxyl of glycerol via a phosphodiester bond. Other polar lipids are the sterols. 

Although most naturally occurring lipids contain fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms, fatty acids with an odd number of carbons are common in the lipids of many plants and some marine organisms. Cattle and other ruminant animals form large amounts of the three-carbon propionate (CH3—CH2—COO ) during fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen. The propionate is absorbed into the blood and oxidized by the liver and other tissues. And small quantities of propionate are added as a mold inhibitor to some breads and cereals, thus entering the human diet. 

Shanbhag, V.P. and Axelsson, C.-G. 1975. Hydro-phobic interaction determined by partition in aqueous two-phase systems. Partition of proteins in systems containing fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol). Eur. J. Biochem. 60 17-22. 

It has long been known that detergents increase the effectiveness of auxin herbicides. This may now be interpreted as perhaps not due entirely to the wetting properties of the detergents and it would be of interest to compare fatty acid ester detergents with those not containing fatty acid groups in herbicide trials. 

In this cycle, one molecule of acetyl-CoA is formed from two molecules of bicarbonate (Figure 3.5). The key carboxylating enzyme is the bifunctional biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase. In Bacteria and Eukarya, acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the first step of fatty acid biosynthesis. However, Archaea do not contain fatty acids in their lipids, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase cannot serve as the key enzyme of fatty acid synthesis rather, it is responsible for autotrophy. 

Sitachitta N, Gerwick WH (1998) Grenadadiene and Grenadamide, Cyclopropyl-Containing Fatty Acid Metabolites from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J Nat Prod 61 681... 

Esters of phosphoric acid that contain fatty acid(s), an alcohol, and a nitrogen-containing base. See also Lipid. 

Pharmaceutical research has to date been focused on polyanhydrides derived from sebacic acid (SA) and its copolymers with bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane (CPP) [75,113,115,119]. More recently, a new class of polyanhydrides was presented, containing fatty acid dimers (FAD) [ 116,118,258]. Erosion characteristics, microsphere preparation, pH-dependence, release rates, morphology, and in vivo performance of polyanhydrides from SA, CPP, and FAD have been intensely studied [75, 111-115,117, 119, 258-260]. Other unsaturated polyanhydrides have been derived from ricinoleic acid [261] and ricinoleic acid half-es-... 

---